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To construct any automobile, chassis is the basic requirement: Chassis is a French term and it was initially used to denote the frame or main structure of a vehicle. It is extensively used...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/automobile-chassis/" aria-label="View Post: Automobile Chassis &#8211; Construction, Parts, Diagram, types, Classification">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Automobile Chassis &#8211; Construction, Parts, Diagram, types, Classification","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/automobile-chassis\/","articleBody":"CHASSIS\r\nTo construct any automobile, chassis is the basic requirement: Chassis is a French term and it was initially used to denote the frame or main structure of a vehicle. It is extensively used in complex vehicles except for the body. A vehicle without a body is called chassis.\r\nBasic Construction of Chassis\r\nChassis is the backbone of the vehicle. The components of the vehicle such as power plants, transmission systems, axles, wheels and tires, suspension, controlling systems such as braking, steering, etc., and also electrical system parts are mounted on the chassis frame. It is the main mounting of all components including the body. So, it is also called a carrying unit.\r\n\r\nRead more: \r\n\r\n \tAutomobile Chassis Components and Drive System\r\n \tDifferent types Of Chassis Used in Automobile vehicles\r\n\r\nMain Components of Chassis\r\n1. Frame\r\n2. Front suspension\r\n3. Steering mechanism\r\n4. Engine, clutch and gearbox\r\n5. Radiator\r\n6. Propeller shaft\r\n7. Wheels\r\n8. Rear and front springs and shock absorber\r\n9. Differential unit\r\n10. Universal joint\r\n11. Brakes and braking systems\r\n12. Storage battery\r\n13. Fuel tank\r\n14. Electrical systems\r\n15. Silencer\r\n16. Shock absorbers, fuel tank, petrol, and hydraulics pipe cables, and some means of mounting these components.\r\nClassification of Chassis\r\nThe chassis can be classified into different types on the following basis.\r\n\r\n1. According to the fitting of the engine:\r\n\r\n(a) Full-forward\r\n(b) Semi-forward\r\n(c) Bus chassis\r\n(d) Engine at back\r\n(e) Engine at the center.\r\n\r\nIn full-forward chassis, the engine is fitted outside the driver cabin or seat. Example: Cars and Mahindra jeeps.\r\nIn semi-forward chassis, a half portion of the engine is exactly in the driver's cabin whereas the remaining half is at the front side but it is outside the driver's cabin. Example: Tata SE series of vehicles.\r\n\r\n chassis according to fitting\r\n\r\nIn bus chassis, the total engine is fitted in the driver cabin. It provides an increased floor area in the vehicle. The driver seat is just above the front wheel. Example: Busses and trucks.\r\nIn most of vehicles, the engine is fitted at the front portion of chassis. The drive is only given to the front wheels. Example: Matador vehicles. In some vehicles, the engine is fitted at the back portion of the chassis. Example: Volkswagen cars, Leyland bus of England. In some vehicles, the engine may be fitted at the centre of the chassis. Example: Royal tiger world master buses of Delhi transport.\r\n\r\n2. According to the number of wheels fitted in the vehicles and the number of driving wheels:\r\n\r\n(a) 4 x 2 drive chassis - It has four wheels out of which 2 are driving wheels\r\n(b) 4 x 4 drive chassis - It has four wheels and all of them are driving wheels\r\n(c) 6 x 2 drive chassis - It has six wheels out of which 2 are driving wheels\r\n(d) 6 x 4 drive chassis - It has six wheels out of which 4 are driving wheels.\r\nTypes of automobile chassis\r\n1. Full forward chassis: \r\n\r\nThis type of chassis consists of an engine fitted in front of the driver seat or driver cabin. It is commonly used in cars and old models of TATA trucks. The driver cannot see the road just in front of the front tires because he sits behind the engine quite far off from the front axle. To help the driver to see as close to the wheels as possible, the slope is provided at the mudguard. Moreover, passengers or goods cannot be carried in a portion of the chassis where the engine is fitted.\r\n\r\n2. Semi-forward chassis: \r\n\r\nThis chassis, the engine is mounted in such a way that half of it is placed in the driver compartment and half out of the driver compartment. These extra passengers or luggage can be placed in the portion of chassis thus saved. Semi forward chassis are used in standard Bedford pick-ups and Tata-Mercedez trucks.\r\n\r\n3. Bus Chassis: \r\n\r\nTo allow the driver to see the road just in front of the front wheels as well as to make driving easier and trouble-free especially in the congested areas, full forward chassis was modified by mounting the engine completely inside the driver cabin. In addition to providing an extra clear view of the road in front of the front wheels, it provided an increased floor area to accommodate three extra seats.\r\n\r\n4. Engine at front chassis: \r\n\r\nThis chassis is used in most of the heavy vehicles is of three common types.\r\n\r\n(i)In this type, the engines are fitted at the front but the drive to wheels is provided from the rear wheels (rear-wheel drive).\r\n(ii) In the second type, the engine is fitted at the front and the drive is also provided through the front wheels (front-wheel drive) as in the case of Matador vehicles.\r\n(iii) In the third type, the engine is fitted in front in a crosswise manner and the drive is also provided to the front wheels as in the case of B.M.C. Minis.\r\n\r\n5) The engine fitted at the rear:\r\n\r\n In this chassis, the engine is fitted at the rear of the vehicle thus saving a lot of space at the front eliminating long propeller shafts and providing a clear view of the road at the front. This system is used in popular vehicles like Renault, Daulphine, and Volkswagen. The engine is also\r\nmounted at the rear end of the chassis in imported Leyland Double Decker Buses. In this chassis fix up of controls like gear shift lever, oil, and fuel gauge, the accelerated linkage is very complicated. Moreover natural draft of air to the radiator due to forward motion of the vehicle is also missing.\r\n\r\n6) The engine fitted in center chassis : \r\n\r\nIn this chassis, the engine is fitted in the centre its centre under the chassis to remove defects of the engine fitted at the rear chassis and to use the complete floor of the space. This chassis was used in Royal Tiger Wordmaster busses previously plied in Delhi by Delhi Transport Undertaking.\r\n\r\n7) Long wheelbase chassis :\r\n\r\n Standard truck chassis are used for making trucks and to permit the truck to carry the exact weight for which they are designed, the load is piled up. But in case of bus chassis, seats are fixed and distance between each seat is fixed as per Motor Vehicle Rules, therefore the vehicle will be running with less weight as less number of passengers can travel in it. To accommodate more passengers and to carry more weight, bus chassis are provided with a longer wheelbase(i.e. the center distance of front and rear wheels) resulting in longer chassis.\r\n\r\n8) Overhang Chassis:\r\n\r\n In order to increase the floor space to accommodate more goods and passengers, a certain length of the chassis is extended after the rear axle(rear overhang) and after the front axle (front overhang).\r\n\r\n9) Half- integral and Half-frame chassis: \r\n\r\nIt is an improved form of chassis used in fiat of Padmani cars. In this chassis half-frame bolted to the floor of the vehicle is fixed at the front end, where the engine gearbox and front suspension is fixed. The rear portion of the floor functions as a frame for the vehicle body.","headline":"Automobile Chassis &#8211; Construction, Parts, Diagram, types, Classification","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-07-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"July 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/chassis-according-to-fitting-300x201.jpg","height":201,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/heat-exchanger/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger-diagram-300x136.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Heat Exchanger &#8211; Types, Diagram, Working, Applications , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/heat-exchanger/">Heat Exchanger &#8211; Types, Diagram, Working, Applications , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device, which transfers thermal energy between two fluids at different temperatures. In most of the thermal engineering applications, both of the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/heat-exchanger/" aria-label="View Post: Heat Exchanger &#8211; Types, Diagram, Working, Applications , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Heat Exchanger &#8211; Types, Diagram, Working, Applications , Advantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/heat-exchanger\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Heat Exchanger\r\nA heat exchanger is a device, which transfers thermal energy between two fluids at different temperatures. In most of the thermal engineering applications, both of the fluids are in motion and the main mode of heat transfer is convection. Examples are automobile radiators, condenser coil in the refrigerator, air conditioner, solar water heater, chemical industries, domestic boilers, oil coolers in a heat engine, milk chillers in pasteurizing plant.\r\nClassification of heat exchangers:\r\n1. Classification according to construction:\r\n\r\n \tTubular heat exchangers.\r\n \tPlate heat exchangers.\r\n \tExtended surface heat exchangers.\r\n \tRegenerative heat exchangers.\r\n\r\n2. Classification according to the transfer process:\r\n\r\n \tIndirect contact heat exchangers.\r\n \tDirect contact heat exchangers.\r\n\r\n3. Classification according to flow arrangement:\r\n\r\n \tParallel flow exchangers.\r\n \tCounter flow heat exchangers.\r\n \tCross flow heat exchangers.\r\n\r\n4. Classification according to pass arrangement:\r\n\r\n \tSingle pass arrangement.\r\n \tMulti-pass arrangement.\r\n\r\n5. Classification according to surface compactness:\r\n\r\n \tGas to liquid\r\n \tcompact (\u03b2 \u2265 700 m2\/m3)\r\n \tnon compact (\u03b2 \u2264 700 m2\/m3)\r\n \tLiquid to liquid and phase change\r\n \tcompact (\u03b2 \u2265 400 m2\/m3)\r\n \tnon compact (\u03b2 \u2264 400 m2\/m3)\r\n\r\n6. Classification according to a number of fluids:\r\n\r\n \tTwo fluids.\r\n \tThree fluids.\r\n \tN-fluids.\r\n\r\n7. Classification according to the phase of the fluid.\r\n\r\n \tGas- liquid.\r\n \tLiquid-liquid.\r\n \tGas-gas.\r\n\r\nMaterials for heat exchanger:\r\n1. Aluminum\r\n2. Stainless steel\r\n3. Copper\r\nPipe in pipe heat exchangers:\r\nHairpin heat exchangers (often also referred to as \u201cdouble pipes\u201d) are characterized by a construction form which imparts a U shaped appearance to the heat exchanger. In its classical sense, the term double pipe refers to a heat exchanger consisting of a pipe within a pipe, usually of a straight-leg construction with no bends. However, due to the need for removable bundle construction and the ability to handle differential thermal expansion while avoiding the use of expansion joints (often the weak point of the exchanger), the current U-shaped configuration has become the standard in the industry.\r\n\r\nWorking: A double pipe heat exchanger, in its simplest form, is just one pipe inside another larger pipe. One fluid flows through the inside pipe and the other flows through the annulus between the two pipes. The wall of the inner pipe is the heat transfer surface. The pipes are usually doubled back multiple times as shown in the diagram at the left, in order to make the overall unit more compact.\r\nThe term 'hairpin heat exchanger' is also used for a heat exchanger of the configuration in the diagram. A hairpin heat exchanger may have only one inside the pipe, or it may have multiple inside tubes, but it will always have the doubling back feature. Some heat exchanger advertises the availability of finned tubes in a hairpin or double pipe heat exchanger. These would always be longitudinal fins, rather than the more common radial fins used in a cross-flow finned tube heat exchanger. In a double pipe heat exchanger design, an important factor is the type of flow pattern in the heat exchanger. A double pipe heat exchanger will typically be either counterflow or parallel flow. Crossflow just doesn't work for a double pipe heat exchanger. The flow pattern and the required heat exchange duty allow calculation of the log mean temperature difference. That together with an estimated overall heat transfer coefficient allows calculation of the required heat transfer surface area. Then pipe sizes, pipe lengths, and a number of bends can be determined.\r\n\r\nPipe in pipe heat exchangers diagram\r\nPlate type heat exchanger\r\nConstruction and working of Plate type heat exchanger.\r\n\r\nIt consists of a series of closely spaced parallel plates with fins held in between. The plates separate the two fluids which flow through passages alternately formed between the plates. It also has fins attached over the primary heat transfer surface so as to increase the heat transfer area. This improves the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Fins from the individual flow passages for single fluid. A typical cross-flow, both fluids unmixed arranged is shown below, in which heat is transferred between fluid \u201cA\u201d and fluid \u201cB\u201d.\r\nThe counter flow or parallel flow arrangement can also be possible. The fins may be plain fin (Straight or corrugated) or interrupted and are attached to the plate by brazing or soldering. They are more suitable for gas to gas applications. Plate fin type heat exchanger is as shown in figure\r\n\r\nplate type heat exchanger diagram\r\n\r\nApplications of plate type heat exchanger:\r\na. Milk chilling plants\r\nb. Radiator in automobile\r\nc. Air conditioning\r\nd. Food industries\r\nShell and tube type heat exchanger\r\nShell and tube heat exchanger consists of a bundle of round tubes placed inside the cylindrical shell. The tube axis parallels to that of the shell. One fluid inside the tubes while the other over the tubes.\r\n\r\nThe main components of this type of heat exchanger are:\r\ni. Shell\r\nii. Tube bundle\r\niii. Front and rear headers of shell\r\niv. baffles\r\n\r\nshell and tube heat exchanger diagram\r\n\r\nThe baffles provide the support to tubes and also deflect the fluid flow approximately normal to tubes. This increases the turbulence of shell-side fluid and improves heat transfer. The various types of baffles are existing and their type, spacing, shape, will depend on the flow rate, shell side pressure drop, required tube support, flow vibrations, etc.\r\n\r\nThe fluid combination may be :\r\n1 Liquid to liquid\r\n2 Liquid to gas\r\n3 Gas to gas\r\n\r\nAdvantages of shell and tube type heat exchanger :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tLess expensive as compared to Plate type coolers\r\n \tCan be used in systems with higher operating temperatures and pressures\r\n \tPressure drop across a tube cooler is less\r\n \tTube leaks are easily located and plugged since pressure test is comparatively easy\r\n \tTubular coolers in the refrigeration system can act as a receiver also.\r\n \tUsing sacrificial anodes protects the whole cooling system against corrosion\r\n \tTube coolers may be preferred for lubricating oil cooling because of the pressure differential\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of shell and tube heat exchanger :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tHeat transfer efficiency is less compared to plate type cooler\r\n \tCleaning and maintenance is difficult since a tube cooler requires enough clearance at one end to remove the tube nest\r\n \tCapacity of tube cooler cannot be increased.\r\n \tRequires more space in comparison to plate coolers\r\n\r\nShell and Coil type of heat exchanger\r\nConstruction of Shell and Coil Heat Exchanger\r\n1. Shell and coil type heat exchanger consists of a helical coil.\r\n2. The helical coil is compact in the shell.\r\n3. The cooling medium is passed through the coil and liquid to be cooled is passed from the top of the shell.\r\n4. The cooled liquid is taken out from the bottom of the shell.\r\n5. Generally in this type of heat exchanger, the counter-flow arrangement is used.\r\n\r\nshell and coil heat exchanger diagram\r\nSpiral Plate Heat Exchanger\r\nIt is a form of a plate heat exchanger usually made of stainless steel. It is often used in cellulose industries where the heat exchanger is subjected to severe fouling and corrosion. The plates of this type of heat exchanger are very long and thickness of passage between the plates must be rather small so that after the sheets forming the upper and lower surfaces are welded together, the unit can be wrapped into a spiral form. That\u2019s why it is called as a spiral heat exchanger.\r\n\r\nSpiral Type heat exchanger diagram\r\n\r\n The technical features of this type of heat exchanger are :\r\n(a) Flow rates are relatively low\r\n(b) Pure counterflow heat exchanger\r\n(c) Highly compact (more than 700 m2\/ m3)\r\n(d) Can withstand pressure up to 10 bar only\r\nRegenerator\r\nHeat exchangers in which there is an intermittent flow of heat from hot to cold fluid via heat storage and heat rejection through the exchanger surface or matrix are referred to as indirect or storage type heat exchanger or regenerator. The regenerative type heat exchangers are either static or dynamic.\r\n\r\nStatic Type Regenerator\r\n(a) No moving parts.\r\n(b) Consists of a porous medium (balls, pebbles, powders, etc.) through which hot and cold fluid pass alternatively.\r\n(c) A flow switching device regulates the periodic flow of the two fluids.\r\n(d) Compact for use in refrigeration and Stirling Engines.\r\n(e) Non-compact in high temperature (900 \u2013 1500oC) applications.\r\n(f) Low cost and ruggedness are essential for the stationary type.\r\n\r\nStorage Type or Regenerative Heat exchanger\r\n\r\nThe storage type or regenerative heat exchanger is shown in Figure 14.6. In this heat exchanger energy is stored periodically. Medium is heated or cooled alternatively. The heating period and cooling period constitute 1 (one) cycle.\r\n\r\nstorage type heat exchanger\r\n\r\nFeatures\r\n(a) Periodic heat transfer-conduction.\r\n(b) Heat transfer fluid can be a liquid, phase changing, non-phase changing.\r\n(c) Solid storage medium is called matrix.\r\n(d) Matrix may be stationary or rotating\r\n\r\nClassical Applications of Regenerator :\u00a0\r\n(a) Gas turbine regenerators: Heating the compressed air by the gas turbine exhaust before the air goes to the combustor.\r\n(b) Reversed Stirling engine for liquefaction of air-Philips refrigeration machine.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications of heat exchangers.\r\n1. Food and beverages.\r\n2. Petroleum\/chemical processing.\r\n3. Hydrocarbon processing.\r\n4. Polymers.\r\n5. Pharmaceuticals.\r\n6. Industrial.\r\n7. Energy and power.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome Questions and Answers :\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. Suggest the type of heat exchangers for following applications -\r\n\r\n(i) A dairy plant (Milk Chilling Plant)\r\n(ii) The condenser of the refrigeration system. (Household system) Justify your answers\r\n\r\nAnswers: Types of Heat Exchanger Used for\r\n\r\n1) Dairy Plant (Milk Chilling Plant)- Plate Type Heat Exchanger\r\nBecause It is made up of an aluminum alloy which provides a higher rate of heat transfer.\r\nDue to larger surface area, It has more heat transfer as compared to other heat exchangers which\r\nis useful for dairy plants.\r\nIt is lighter in weight.\r\n\r\n2) The condenser of Refrigeration System:- Counter Flow tube type heat exchanger\r\n\r\nBecause High performance due to large surface area\r\nCompact and light in weight\r\nIn tubes generally, turbulent flow is developed which reduces scale deposition.\r\nLess installation and maintenance cost.\r\n\r\n2. Suggest the type of heat exchangers for following applications -\r\n\r\nAnswers :\r\n\r\n1) Mills Chiller Plant:- Plate type heat exchanger\r\nJustification:-\r\na) Non-reactive material.\r\nb) Leakproof joints\r\nc) No mixing of two fluids\r\nd) Non-toxic material\r\ne) Non- corrosive material\r\n\r\n2) The radiator of an Automobile:- Plate and tube type Heat Exchanger (Air Water Convective Radiator)\r\n\r\nJustification:-\r\na) it is used to cool the engine of an automobile\r\nb) Water flows through jacket along with engine and carried away heat by convection\r\nc) This water enter into the radiator where it gives its heat to the air of the atmosphere which is passed over water tubes. Though plates.\r\n\r\n3. Classification of the heat exchanger and their applications\r\n\r\n1. Nature of heat exchange process Heat exchangers, on the basis of nature of the heat exchange process, are classified as follows :\r\n(a) (i) Direct contact (or open) heat exchangers:- Examples : (i) Cooling towers ; (ii) Jet condensers ; (iii) Direct contact\r\n(ii) Indirect contact heat exchangers.\r\n(a) Regenerators:- Examples : (i) I.C. engines and gas turbines ; (ii) Open hearth and glass melting furnaces ; (iii) Air heaters of blast furnaces.\r\n(b) Recuperators Examples : (i) Automobile radiators, (ii) Oil coolers, intercoolers, air preheaters, economizers, superheaters, condensers and surface feed heaters of a steam power plant, (iii) Milk chiller of pasteurizing plant, (iv) Evaporator of an ice plant\r\n\r\n2. The relative direction of fluid motion\r\n\r\nAccording to the relative directions of two fluid streams the heat exchangers are classified into the following three categories\r\n(i) Parallel-flow or unidirectional flow :-: Examples: Oil coolers, oil heaters, water heaters etc.\r\n(ii) Counter-flow:- Examples: The cooling unit of refrigeration system etc.\r\n(iii) Cross-flow. Examples:- Automobile radiator etc.\r\n\r\n3. Design and constructional features\r\n\r\nOn the basis of design and constructional features, the heat exchangers are classified as under :\r\n(i) Concentric tubes.\r\n(ii) Shell and tube\r\n(iii) Multiple shell and tube passes.\r\n(iv) Compact heat exchangers:- Example: Plate-fin, flattened fin tube exchangers, etc.\r\n\r\n4. The physical state of fluids\r\nDepending upon the physical state of fluids the heat exchangers are classified as follows: Condensers (ii) Evaporators\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Heat Exchanger &#8211; Types, Diagram, Working, Applications , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-07-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"July 17, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger-diagram-300x136.jpg","height":136,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/evaporator-types/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Flooded-type-evaporator-diagram-300x167.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Evaporator &#8211; Types, Diagram, Parts, Working, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/evaporator-types/">Evaporator &#8211; Types, Diagram, Parts, Working, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Evaporator :
The function of the evaporator is to absorb the heat from the space or surrounding medium which is to be cooled by means of refrigeration. The process of heat removal from the substance...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/evaporator-types/" aria-label="View Post: Evaporator &#8211; Types, Diagram, Parts, Working, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Evaporator &#8211; Types, Diagram, Parts, Working, Application","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/evaporator-types\/","articleBody":"Evaporator :\r\nThe function of the evaporator is to absorb the heat from the space or surrounding medium which is to be cooled by means of refrigeration. The process of heat removal from the substance to be cooled or refrigerated is done in the evaporator. The liquid refrigerant is vaporized inside the evaporator (coil or shell) in order to remove heat from a fluid such as air, water etc. Evaporators are manufactured in different shapes, types and designs to suit a diverse nature of cooling requirements. Thus, we have a variety of types of evaporators, such as prime surface types, finned tube or extended surface type, shell and tube liquid chillers, etc.\r\nConstruction of Evaporator :\r\nThe evaporator as shown in the figure is the part of the refrigeration system where the refrigerant vaporizes as it picks up heat. Heated air is forced through and past the fins and tubes of the evaporator. The heat from the air is picked up by the boiling refrigerant and is carried in the system to the condenser. The evaporator is usually installed in housing under the dash panel.\r\n\r\nEvaporator Diagram\r\nWorking of Evaporator:\r\nWhen the air conditioning system is turned on, warm air from the passenger compartment is blown through the coils and fins of the evaporator. The evaporator receives refrigerant from the thermostatic expansion valve or orifice tube as low pressure, cold atomized liquid. As the cold refrigerant passes through the evaporator coil, heat moves from the warm air into the cooler refrigerant. When the liquid refrigerant receives enough heat, a change of state - from a low-pressure liquid into a low-Pressure vapor - takes place.\r\nThe thermostatic expansion valve or orifice tube continually meters the precise amount of refrigerant necessary to maintain optimum heat transfer, which ensures that all of the liquid refrigerants will have changed to a vapor by the time it reaches the evaporator outlet. The vaporized refrigerant then continues on to the inlet (suction) side of the compressor.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes of Evaporator :\r\nEvaporators are divided mainly into three groups.\r\n\r\n1. Natural circulation evaporator\r\n\r\ni) Evaporating pans\r\n\r\nii) Evaporating stills\r\n\r\niii) Short tube evaporator.\r\n\r\n2) Forced circulation evaporator.\r\n\r\n3) Film evaporator\r\n\r\nTypes:\r\n\r\ni) Wiped Film evaporator\r\n\r\nii) Long Tube Evaporator\r\n\r\na) Climbing film evaporator\r\n\r\nb) Falling film evaporator Types of Evaporators.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFlooded type evaporator.\r\nFlooded type of evaporator feeds excess of liquid refrigerant so that the exit of the evaporator will be a mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant.\r\n\r\nFlooded type evaporator diagram\r\n\r\nIn the flooded type of evaporator coil remains completely filled with liquid refrigerant as shown in the figure. The level of liquid refrigerant is maintained constant in the surge chamber by using float control. The liquid refrigerant enters into evaporator coil from the surge chamber. In evaporator coil, part of liquid refrigerant boils and converts into vapor. The vapor formed is collected at the top of the surge chamber and the remaining liquid refrigerant is returned to the surge chamber. From the top of the surge chamber, refrigerant vapors are drawn in the suction line of the compressor. In the flooded type evaporator rate of heat transfer is very high as the whole evaporator coil remains in contact with liquid refrigerant but this type of refrigerant requires a large amount of refrigerant.\r\n\r\nApplications of flooded type evaporator:-\r\n\r\nThis type of evaporator is used for\r\n1) Large installations, where refrigerating capacity is high.\r\n2) In a refrigeration system where load fluctuation is higher.\r\n3) For multi evaporator system.\r\nFinned evaporator\r\nThe finned evaporators are the bare tube type of evaporators covered with the fins. When the fluid (air or water) to be chilled flows over the bare tube evaporator lots of cooling effect from the refrigerant goes wasted since there is less surface for the transfer of heat from the fluid to the refrigerant. The fluid tends to move between the open spaces of the tubing and does not come in contact with the surface of the coil, thus the bare tube evaporators are less effective. The fins on the external surface of the bare tube evaporators increase the contact surface of the of the metallic tubing with the fluid and increase the heat transfer rate, thus the finned evaporators are more effective than the bare tube evaporators.\r\n\r\nfinned evaporators diagram\r\n\r\nThe fins are the external protrusions from the surface of the coil and they extend into the open space. For the fins to be effective it is very important that there is very good contact between the coil and the fins. In some cases, the fins are soldered directly to the surface of the coil and in other cases, the fins are just slipped over the surface of the fins, and then they are expanded thus ensuring\u00a0close thermal contact between the two. Tough the fins help increase the heat transfer, rate, adding them beyond certain numbers won\u2019t produce any additional benefits, hence the only a certain number of fins should be applied on the external surface of the tube.\r\nThe finned evaporators are most commonly used in the air conditioners of almost all types like a window, split, packaged, and the central air conditioning systems.\r\nDry Expansion Evaporator\r\nIn the dry-expansion evaporator, the liquid refrigerant is generally fed by an expansion valve. The expansion valve controls the rate of flow of refrigerant to the evaporator in such a way that all the liquid is vaporized and the vapor is also superheated to a limited extent by the time it reaches the outlet end. At the inlet of the evaporator, the refrigerant is predominantly in the liquid form with a small amount of vapor formed as a result of flashing at the expansion valve.\r\n\r\ndirect expansion evaporator diagram\r\n\r\nAs the refrigerant passes through the evaporator, more and more liquid is vaporized by the load. The refrigerant, by the time it reaches the end of the evaporator, is purely in the vapor state and that too superheated. Thus the evaporator in its length is filled with a varying proportion of liquid and vapor. The amount of liquid in the evaporator will vary with the load on the evaporator. The inside of the evaporator is far from \u2018dry\u2019 but wetted with liquid. All the same, this type is called the \u2018dry-expansion\u2019 system to distinguish it from the \u2018flooded\u2019 system and also probably because by the time the refrigerant reaches the evaporator outlet it is no more wet (no liquid) but dry (superheated) vapor.\r\nEvaporating Pan : ( Steam Jacketed Kettle)\r\nPrinciple :\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe mechanism involved in this evaporation process is conduction and convection. The material is placed in the jacketed kettle. Steam provides heat to a jacketed kettle in which the aqueous extract is placed. The raised temperature increases the tendency of the solvent molecules to escape into the vapors.\u00a0\r\n\r\nSteam jacketed kettle Diagram\r\n\r\nConstruction :\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe apparatus consists of a hemispherical or shallower pan which is made of copper or stainless steel. Copper is an excellent material for the kettle, because of its good conductivity. The hemispherical shape provides the best surface for eating and vaporization. It is surrounded by a jacket with a steam inlet. Steam Jacket is also attached to a condensate outlet and vent for non-condensable gases. The kettle is also fitted with an outlet at the bottom for the discharge of the product.\r\n\r\nWorking :\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe solution or suspension is placed into the kettle. Steam is allowed to enter through inlet which provides heat to solution or suspension. The condensate leaves through the outlet. On a small scale, the kettle is used and also agitation is done manually or mechanically by stirrer. The final product is collected from the bottom.\r\n\r\nPharmaceutical Applications :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is suitable for concentrating aqueous liquids.\r\n \tIt is also suitable for concentrating thermostable liquors.\u00a0\r\n\r\nAdvantages of the Steam jacketed kettle :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tSimple in construciton\r\n \tEasy to operate\r\n \tMaintenance and installation cost is low\r\n \tThe product can be easily removed.\r\n \tUsed for small scale and large scale operations.\u00a0\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of\u00a0 steam jacketed kettle :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tNot suitable for heat sensitive products.\r\n \tThe heating area is limited and decreases in proportion to the increase in the size of the Pan.\r\n \tUsed only for aqueous liquids.\r\n \tMany products produce foam.\r\n \tOpen pan leads to saturation of the atmosphere and product discomfort.\u00a0","headline":"Evaporator &#8211; Types, Diagram, Parts, Working, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-06-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Flooded-type-evaporator-diagram-300x167.jpg","height":167,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/guideways-function-types-diagram-geometries-applications/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Guideway-geometries-1-300x243.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Guideways &#8211; Function, Types, Diagram, Geometries, Advantages, Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/guideways-function-types-diagram-geometries-applications/">Guideways &#8211; Function, Types, Diagram, Geometries, Advantages, Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Guideways 
A guideway is one of the important elements of the machine tool. The main function of the guideway is to make sure that the cutting tool or machine tool operative element...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/guideways-function-types-diagram-geometries-applications/" aria-label="View Post: Guideways &#8211; Function, Types, Diagram, Geometries, Advantages, Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Guideways &#8211; Function, Types, Diagram, Geometries, Advantages, Applications","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/guideways-function-types-diagram-geometries-applications\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Guideways\u00a0\r\nA guideway is one of the important elements of the machine tool. The main function of the guideway is to make sure that the cutting tool or machine tool operative element moves along a predetermined path. The machine tool operative element carries a workpiece along with it. The motion is generally circular for boring mills, vertical lathe, etc. while it is a straight line for lathe, drilling, boring machines, etc.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of the guideway (or slideway) is to accommodate the axial movement of the machine slides, worktables, and spindles. The guideway also provides the geometric alignment (parallelism, perpendicularity, roll, pitch, and yaw) for the axis. The surface must support the static and dynamic loads (including machining forces) with as little friction as possible, but at the same time dampen the effect of a movable joint on the machine.\r\n\r\nThe design of machine tool elements is critical in tool engineering. They must withstand against an applied external load. Requirements, functions, and types of guideways are also explained.\r\nFunctions of guideways\r\ni. To have low friction as compared to slideways\r\nii. Should have uniformity of motion even at slow speeds.\r\niii. Should have high stiffness if the rolling members are preloaded.\r\niv. Possibility of using the high velocity of motion.\r\nRequirements of guideways\r\ni. It should be strong\r\nii. It should process sufficient stiffness\r\niii. There should be less wear\r\niv. The pressure distribution should be uniform.\r\nv. It should provide good guidance\r\nvi. There should be less friction.\r\nStandard Guideway Geometries\r\nThe guideway configurations or geometries most commonly used are:\r\n\r\n1. Round \u2013 Limited used on surface grinders as well as feeding spindle bars (e.g. boring mill).\r\n\r\n2. Flat \u2013 This guideway is used for alignment only \u2013 normally outboard from the machine\u2019s spindle. Found on a wide range of machines including grinding machines.\r\n\r\n3. Vee \u2013 Cylindrical grinders may have vee ways. They are outboard from the grinding wheel and are used primarily for alignment.\r\n\r\n4. Dovetail \u2013 This guideway is seldom seen on today\u2019s machine tools. However, it has some applications in tool slides (e.g. gang tool slide on a Swiss-type turning machine). It features extremely good rigidity and alignment characteristics. It is an expensive guideway to produce.\r\n\r\n5. Box (square\/rectangular) \u2013 This is a common guideway on machining centers and lathes. It is used in heavy machining (e.g. milling) applications. The box can either be a bolted-on steel rail or an integral part of the machine\u2019s casting. When they are integral, the cast-iron surface is flame or induction heat-treated and then ground and\/or hand scraped.\r\n\r\n6. Ball or roller \u2013 Prepackaged ball and roller packs can be purchased in a variety of sizes and ratings for general application on a wide range of machine guideways.\r\n\r\nGuideway geometries\r\nTYPES OF GUIDEWAYS\r\nThe guideways are mainly classified according to the nature of friction between contacting surfaces of the operative element :\r\n(a) Guideways with sliding friction\r\n(b) Guideways with rolling friction\r\n\r\nThe most commonly used shapes of guiding elements of slideways are:\r\n\r\n(i) V-type\r\n\r\n(ii) Flat type\r\n\r\n(iii) Dovetail type\r\n\r\n(iv) Circular or cylindrical type.\r\nVee or Inverted Vee Guideways:\r\n\r\n \tThese are widely used on machine tools, especially on lathe beds.\r\n \tThe advantage of this is that parallel alignment-of the guideway with the spindle axis is not affected by wear. There is a closing action as the upper member settles on the lower member, and this automatically maintains the alignment.\r\n \tJibs are, therefore, not required with the vee guideway to take up the clearance caused by the wear.\r\n\r\ntypes of guideways\r\nFlat and Dovetail Guideways:\r\n\r\n \tFlat or dovetail forms are used on CNC machine tools.\r\n \tThe flat guideways have better load- bearing capabilities than the other guideways.\r\n \tAfter a period of use, wearing may occur owing to the sliding of the surfaces over each other. Jibs are used to ensure accurate fitting of the slide to both the flat and dovetail guideways.\r\n \tThe jibs are tapered and can be adjusted to reduce excessive clearance caused by wear.\r\n \tThe metal-to-metal contact on the vee, flat, and dovetail types of the guideway is normally cast iron to cast iron.\r\n \tThe cast iron may be heat-treated to increase its hardness, and the surface ground to obtain the required accuracy.\r\n\r\nCylindrical guideways:\r\n\r\n \tIn cylindrical guideways, the bore in the carriage housing provides support all around the guideway.\r\n \tFor relatively short traverses and light loads, cylindrical guideways are very efficient.\r\n \tA limitation on the use of these guideways for long traverses is that if the guide bar is supported only at each end, it may sag or bend in the center of the span under a load.\r\n\r\nAntifriction Linear Motion (LM) Guideways:\r\nAntifriction linear motion guideways are used on CNC machine tools to:\r\n\r\n(a) Reduce the amount of wear\r\n(b) Improve the smoothness of the movement\r\n(c) Reduce friction\r\n(d) Reduce heat generation.\r\n\r\n \tThey use rolling elements between the moving and the stationary elements of the machine.\r\n\r\nThese are Guideways with Rolling Friction.\r\nAdvantages over conventional guideways.\r\n1. Low friction as compared to slideways\r\n2. Uniformity of motion even at slow speeds due to the virtual absence of the stick-slip phenomenon.\r\n3. High stiffness if the rolling members are preloaded, and\r\n4. Possibility of using high velocities of motion.\r\n\r\n \tThe main disadvantage of these guideways as compared to friction guideways is their lower damping capacity.\r\n\r\nStick-slip phenomena in machine tool guideways\r\n\r\n \tIn a machine tool either the table holding the workpiece or the saddle holding the cutting tool moves very slowly over suitable guides and at the same time is subjected to heavy forces caused by cutting and clamping. In such sliding cases often a time-dependent intermittent motion is noted which causes consecutive sticking and slipping of the slide at regular intervals. This regularly repeated motion is known as stick-slip motion.\r\n \tThis stick-slip motion when exits is found to worsen surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the product and also reduces the overall life of the machine tool and the cutting tools.\r\n \tTherefore for satisfactory machining performance, it is essential to eliminate or reduce the stick-slip motion. This requires being acquainted with the stick-slip characteristics and the role of various parameters on it.\r\n \tThe principle agents which are responsible for stick-slip motion under low speed and large forces are the\u00a0elasticity of the sliding elements and the frictional characteristics at the sliding surfaces.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Linear Motion Guideways :\r\nFollowing are the advantages of LM Guideways due to which their demand for high precision work is increasing:\r\n\r\n1. High Positional Accuracy - When a load is driven by an LM guideway, the frictional contact between load and bed desk is rolling contact. The coefficient of friction is only 1\/50 of traditional contact.\r\n\r\n2. Long Life with high motion Accuracy - With a traditional slide, errors in accuracy are caused by the counter flow of oil film. Insufficient lubrication causes wear between the contact surfaces. In contrast, rolling contact has little wear, therefore machines can achieve a long life with motion accuracy.\r\n\r\n3. High-speed motion is possible with the low driving force LM Guideways have little frictional resistance, only a small force is required to move a load.\r\n4. Equal loading capacity in all directions LM Guideways can take the load in either vertical or horizontal directions.\r\n5. Easy Installation - Installing a Linear Guideway is quite easy. Grinding or Milling the machine surface, following the recommended installation procedure, and tightening the bolts to the required torque can achieve highly accurate linear motion.\r\n6. Easy Lubrication\r\n7. Interchangeability\r\nApplications Of Guideways :\u00a0\r\nFollowing are few Applications of LM Guideways: \r\n\r\n1. Used in CNC machining Centre Fig. shows a CNC machining center in which Linear Motion Guideways are been used for getting high accuracy &amp; Precision Motion. \r\n\r\n2. The application of the linear guideways is very extensive, such as automation equipment, heavy-duty carry equipment, heavy-cut machining tool, CNC grinding machine,\r\n\r\n 3. large-scale planning machine and machining center with the demand of high rigidity and heavy load. \r\n\r\n4. Injection Moulding Machine.\r\n\r\n5. CNC Lathe. \r\n\r\n6. Industrial Robots\r\n\r\n 7. Semiconductor Machines- PCB Driller \r\n\r\n8. Other Machines- Measuring Machine, Transporting Machine, Welding Machine, Medical equipment, Test equipment, etc. \r\n\r\n9. It can also be used in Aluminum Extrusion Press. \r\n\r\n10. Various Manufacturing Catalogues are available for a selection of LM Guideway for a particular Machine tool.","headline":"Guideways &#8211; Function, Types, Diagram, Geometries, Advantages, Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-06-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 16, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Guideway-geometries-1-300x243.jpg","height":243,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/corona-related-mechanical-projects/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/hand-sanitizer-mechanical-project-200x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Corona Related Product ideas &#8211; Corona related Mechanical Projects</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/corona-related-mechanical-projects/">Corona Related Product ideas &#8211; Corona related Mechanical Projects</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>About COVID 19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/corona-related-mechanical-projects/" aria-label="View Post: Corona Related Product ideas &#8211; Corona related Mechanical Projects">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Corona Related Product ideas &#8211; Corona related Mechanical Projects","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/corona-related-mechanical-projects\/","articleBody":"About COVID 19\r\nCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and since spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of smell and taste. The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, most often via small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, and talking. The droplets usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than traveling through air over long distances. Less commonly, people may become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their face.\r\nPreventive Measures against Corona :\r\nRecommended measures to prevent infection include,\r\n\r\n \tFrequent handwashing,\r\n \tMaintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms),\r\n \tQuarantine (especially for those with symptoms),\r\n \tCovering coughs, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face.\r\n\r\nThe use of cloth face coverings such as a scarf or a bandana is recommended in public settings to minimize the risk of transmissions, with some authorities requiring their use. Medical grade facemasks such as N95 masks should only be used by healthcare workers, first responders, and those who care for infected individuals.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCorona related Mechanical Project ideas :\u00a0\r\nTo avoid coronavirus communitive spread preventive measures should be taken as per government and World\u00a0Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. To handle this corona related situation people are inventing some best and effective solutions to COVID 19 related problems. Combinations of social distancing, home quarantine, closure of schools and universities, and case isolation are now being extensively practiced. Creativity is being implemented each day to overcome response barriers to those at work and meet the needs of those asked to stay at home.\r\n\r\nIn this article, we will discuss some projects, products related to COVID 19 or coronavirus. Some Manufacturing companies have started the production of corona preventive safety equipment. With this post, Mechanical students will get some ideas, topics for their final year project presentation. Also, this post may motivate some of the students to develop a solution to corona related problems.\r\n1.\u00a0 Foot Operated simple Sand sanitizer Stand :\r\nFrequently sanitizing hands with sanitizer liquid is essential to kill bacterias presents on hands. To avoid contact \/touch with sanitizer bottle foot operated stand is used. This stand can be fabricated using simple tubes and sheet metal brackets and holders.\u00a0 This stand consists of a foot operating lever, tube structure, sanitizer bottle holder, and bottle holder position adjusting knob. When foot lever is pressed tubes move downward and sanitizer bottles get operated. This product can cost around 10 to 15 dollars.\r\n\r\nhand sanitizer mechanical project\r\n2. Design of Sanitation Disinfection Gate - Sanitizing Booth\r\nSanitation Disinfection Gate or tunnel is used to reduce bacteria and unwanted viruses from clothes or the outer body of objects. This sanitation disinfection gate or sanitizing booth can be made up of plastic, metal, ( MS and SS ).\r\n\r\nThe main parts used for making this setup are stainless steel sheet, spray nozzle, Motion Sensor, Electrical operated agricultural sprayer, piping, timer, relay circuit, etc.\r\n\r\nThis device can be used for public places like bus stops, Malls, Companies, cinema halls, temples, parks, hospitals etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n3.Foot-operated water tap mechanism \/\u00a0 Touchless hand washing and sanitizing arrangement :\r\nThis concept is similar to a foot-operated sanitizing machine. additionally, hand washing can be also possible to make touchless with help of a foot-operated mechanism. There are several foot operating hardware is available which acts as a valve, This valve is actuated by foot. The device ensures hands-free delivery of water from a plumbing system to ensure defense against cross infections from viruses and microbes as well as preventing the wastage of water.\r\n\r\nWhen the foot pedal is pressed then valves get in ON position and water will come out from WATER TAP.\r\n\r\nAdvantages :\r\n\r\n \tHands-free, foot-operated\r\n \tReduces water wastage\r\n \tEliminates human error\r\n \tEasy to use\r\n \tDurable\r\n \tCost-Effective.\r\n\r\n4. Mechanical Lead screw Operated Ventilator :\r\n\r\n \tA ventilator is a machine that provides mechanical ventilation by moving breathable air into and out of the lungs, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently. Modern ventilators are computerized microprocessor-controlled machines, but patients can also be ventilated with a simple, hand-operated bag valve mask. Ventilators are chiefly used in intensive care medicine, home care, and emergency medicine (as standalone units) and in anesthesiology (as a component of an anesthesia machine).\r\n\r\nMechanical ventilator Concept Reference: youtube- LMA robotics\r\n\r\n \tIn its simplest form, a modern positive pressure ventilator consists of a compressible air reservoir or turbine, air and oxygen supplies, a set of valves and tubes, and a disposable or reusable \"patient circuit\".\r\n \tVentilators may also be equipped with monitoring and alarm systems for patient-related parameters (e.g. pressure, volume, and flow) and ventilator function (e.g. air leakage, power failure, mechanical failure), backup batteries, oxygen tanks, and remote control.\r\n \tModern ventilators are electronically controlled by a small\u00a0embedded system to allow the exact adaptation of pressure and flow characteristics to an individual patient's needs.\r\n\r\n5. Sensor Operated Automatic hand sanitizer machine :\r\nAn infrared (IR) proximity sensor and a small solenoid is combined here to make the 6-Volt DC powered automatic soap dispenser unit. When the infrared sensor detects the close proximity of a hand, it enables the solenoid driver. The resulting voltage available at the output of the driver energizes the solenoid.\r\n\r\nMain Components :\r\n\r\n \tOuter body\r\n \tSanitizer Container\r\n \tSolenoid Valve\r\n \tDiaphragm pump\r\n \tMist Atomizer\r\n \tWaterproof non-contact ultrasonic sensor\r\n \tSwitch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)\r\n \tControl Circuit.\r\n\r\nRead more info regarding this: Technical Specification of \u201cContactless Sanitizer Dispenser CSD- DRDO\u00a0\r\n6. Mechanical sanitizer sprayer Pump for cleaning Home Surrounding :\r\nThe spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack type sprayer which requires more human effort. Objectives of this concept is a modification of agricultural sprayer for sanitizing home surrounding frequently without using hands for pumping and holding the pump at the back of the human\/operator.\r\n\r\nThis consists of a\u00a0 bicycle spoked wheel which connected with an oscillating hand pump lever using a chain and sprocket mechanism.\u00a0 All components are fixed on frame or body. When frame pushed forward wheel motion gets transmitted to the lever and pumping action takes place.\r\n\u00a0\r\nMore concepts will be added soon. if you have any interesting ideas, concepts related COVID 19 problem then comment below or contact me on thoratsachin027@gmail.com. Colleges and universities should give more emphasis on medical field related project assignments for students.\r\n\r\nReferences: \r\n\r\n \thttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_disease_2019\r\n \thttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFor More Projects Checkout: 650+ Mechanical Engineering projects New Updated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Corona Related Product ideas &#8211; Corona related Mechanical Projects","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-06-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 4, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hand-sanitizer-mechanical-project-200x300.jpg","height":300,"width":200},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/calibration/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Calibration-Process-Example-201x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Calibration &#8211; Definition, types, purpose, Procedure of Calibration</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/calibration/">Calibration &#8211; Definition, types, purpose, Procedure of Calibration</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Calibration
The ability of all measuring instruments to measure accurately and reliably is to be proved, to get meaningful results. For this, the results of measurement are to be compared with...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/calibration/" aria-label="View Post: Calibration &#8211; Definition, types, purpose, Procedure of Calibration">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Calibration &#8211; Definition, types, purpose, Procedure of Calibration","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/calibration\/","articleBody":"Calibration\r\nThe ability of all measuring instruments to measure accurately and reliably is to be proved, to get meaningful results. For this, the results of measurement are to be compared with higher standards. \r\n\r\nThe instruments, gauges to be used for measurement should be of known accuracy in order that the results obtained are meaningful. In order to identify the errors and rectification of errors, the instruments are compared with masters or standards. This act of comparison is known as calibration.\r\nDefinition of Calibration :\r\nThe process of comparison of a device with unknown accuracy to a device with a known, accurate standard to eliminate any variation in the device being checked is called calibration.\r\n\r\nSo, calibration of a measuring system means introducing an accurately known sample of the variable that is to be measured and then adjusting the readout device of the measuring system until its scale reads the introduced known sample of the variable accurately, i.e the calibration procedure establishes the correct output scale for the measuring system.\r\n\r\nTraceability:- Traceability is the property of the results of a measurement, not of an instrument or calibration report or laboratory. Traceability means the result of a measurement can be related to a reference through a series of calibration reports.\r\n\r\nCalibration Process Example - Manual Calibration\u00a0\r\nPurpose of Calibration :\u00a0\r\nWhy it is necessary to calibrate measuring instruments and unit gauges?\r\n\r\n1) The calibration of any measuring system is very important to get meaningful results.\r\n2) In the case where the sensing system and measuring system are different, then it is imperative to calibrate the system as an integrated whole in order to take into account the error producing properties of each component.\r\n3) Calibration is usually carried out by making adjustments such that the readout device produces zero output for zero-measured input, and similarly, it should display an output equivalent to the known measured input near the full-scale input value.\r\n4) It is important that any measuring system calibration should be performed under environmental conditions that are as close as possible to those conditions under which actual measurements are to be made.\r\n5) It is also important that the reference measured input should be known to an as much greater degree of accuracy \u2013 usually, the calibration standard for the system should be at least one order of magnitude more accurate than the desired measurement system accuracy.\r\nSteps or precautions to be observed during calibration of a measurement system :\r\n\r\n \tSpecified environmental conditions are to be maintained so that similar conditions prevail when the system is calibrated and when the\r\nactual measurements are made.\r\n \tThe device to be calibrated is checked for any physical defects.\r\n \tThe standard measurement system used for calibration should be at least ten times more accurate than the desired measurement system accuracy i.e accuracy ratio of 10:1\r\n\r\nCalibration procedure\r\nThe procedure for calibrating instruments is of two types namely\r\n\r\n(a) Primary calibration\r\n(b) Secondary calibration\r\n(a) Primary calibration\r\n\r\n \tAs per this procedure, a system is calibrated against a primary standard.\r\n \tWhile calibrating flow meters, if the flow is determined through measurement of time and volume or mass of fluid, then it is termed as primary calibration.\r\n\r\n(b) Secondary calibration\r\n\r\n \tAs per this procedure, a device that has been calibrated by primary calibration is used as a secondary standard for further calibration of other devices of lesser accuracy.\r\n \tA turbine type flow meter is used as a secondary standard to calibrate other flow devices.\r\n\r\nSecondary calibration is of two types namely\r\n(i) Direct calibration\r\n(ii) Indirect calibration\r\n(i) Direct calibration\r\n\r\n \tIn this procedure, a standard device is placed in series with the device to be calibrated.\r\n \tNow calibration is done by comparing readings of the two devices over the desired range.\r\n\r\n(ii) Indirect calibration\r\n\r\n \tThis procedure is based on the equivalence of two different devices adopting some similarity concept.\r\n \tExample: Flow measurement-Requirement of similarity is \u2018Reynold\u2019s number should be equal\u2019.\r\n\r\nBy comparing the discharge coefficient of two devices, calibration is done.\r\nErrors Due To Calibration:\r\n\r\n \tAny instrument has to be calibrated before it is put to use. Calibration is a process of giving a known input to the measurement system and taking necessary actions to see that the output of the measurement system matches with its input.\r\n \tIf the instrument is not calibrated properly, it will show reading with a higher degree of error. This is called a calibration error.\r\n \tCalibration errors are fixed errors as they have been introduced into the measurement system because of improper calibration.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Calibration :\u00a0\r\nBenefits of Calibration are as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tCalibration fulfills the requirements of traceability to national\/ international standards like ISO 9000, ISO 14000, etc.\r\n \tCalibration is proof that the instrument is working.\r\n \tConfidence in using the instruments.\r\n \tTraceability to national measurement standards.\r\n \tInterchangeability.\r\n \tReduced rejections, failure rate thus higher return.\r\n \tImproved product and service quality leading to satisfied customers.\r\n \tPower saving.\u00a0\r\n \tCost-saving.\r\n \tSafety.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReference: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calibration\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMechanical MCQ Objectives Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Calibration &#8211; Definition, types, purpose, Procedure of Calibration","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 2, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Calibration-Process-Example-201x300.jpg","height":300,"width":201},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=5">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=4"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>4</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=5"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>5</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>6</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=7"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>7</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=8"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>8</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=7">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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