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Types of Vibrations with Diagram</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/vibration-types/">What is Vibration &#8211; Types of Vibrations with Diagram</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Vibration  When elastic bodies such as a spring, a beam, and a shaft are displaced from the equilibrium position by the application of external forces, and then released, they execute a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/vibration-types/" aria-label="View Post: What is Vibration &#8211; Types of Vibrations with Diagram">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Vibration &#8211; Types of Vibrations with Diagram","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/vibration-types\/","articleBody":"What is Vibration\r\n\r\n \tWhen elastic bodies such as a spring, a beam, and a shaft are displaced from the equilibrium position by the application of external forces, and then released, they execute a vibratory motion.\r\n \tThis is due to the reason that, when a body is displaced, the internal forces in the form of elastic or strain energy are present in the body. At release, these forces bring the body to its original position.\r\n \tWhen the body reaches the equilibrium position, the whole of the elastic or strain energy is converted into kinetic energy due to which the body continues to move in the opposite direction.\r\n \tThe whole of the kinetic energy is again converted into strain energy due to which the body again returns to the equilibrium position.\r\n \tIn this way, the vibratory motion is repeated indefinitely.\r\n\r\nAny motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration or oscillation. The swinging of a pendulum (Fig.) and the motion of a plucked string are typical examples of vibration. The theory of vibration deals with the study of the oscillatory motion of bodies and forces associated with them.\r\n\r\nVibration Example\r\n\r\nElementary Parts of Vibrating system\r\n\r\n \tA means of storing potential energy (Spring or elasticity)\r\n \tA means of storing kinetic energy (Mass or inertia)\r\n \tA means by which energy is gradually lost (damper)\r\n\r\nThe forces acting on the systems are\r\n\r\n \tDisturbing forces\r\n \tRestoring force\r\n \tInertia force\r\n \tDamping force\r\n\r\nDegree of Freedom: The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine completely the position of all parts of a system at any instant of time defines the degree of freedom of the system. A system with a finite number of degrees of freedom is called a discrete or lumped parameter system, and those with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are called continuous or distributed systems.\r\nThe terminology of Vibration :\r\nThe following terms are commonly used in connection with the vibratory motions:\r\n\r\n(i) Period of vibration or time period: It is the time interval after which the motion is repeating itself. The period of vibration is usually expressed in seconds.\r\n(ii) Cycle: It is the motion completed during a one-time period.\r\n(iii) Frequency: It is the number of cycles described in one second. In S.I. units, the frequency is expressed in hertz (briefly written as Hz) which is equal to one cycle per second.\r\nTypes of Vibratory Motion :\r\n(i) Free or natural vibrations:\r\n\r\n When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement, then the body is said to be under free or natural vibrations. The frequency of the free vibrations is called free or natural frequency.\r\n\r\n(ii) Forced vibrations: \r\n\r\nWhen the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be under forced vibrations. The external force applied to the body is a periodic disturbing force created by unbalance. The vibrations have the same frequency as the applied force.\r\nNote: When the frequency of the external force is the same as that of the natural vibrations, resonance takes place.\r\n\r\n(iii) Damped vibrations:\r\n\r\n When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is said to be damped vibration. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of energy possessed by the vibrating system is always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistances to the motion.\r\nTypes of Free Vibrations\r\nThe following three types of free vibrations are important from the subject point of view:\r\n\r\n1. Longitudinal vibrations, \r\n\r\n2. Transverse vibrations, and\r\n\r\n 3. Torsional vibrations.\r\n\r\nConsider a weightless constraint (spring or shaft) whose one end is fixed and the other end carrying a heavy disc, as shown in Fig. This system may execute one of the three above mentioned types of vibrations.\r\n\r\ntypes of free vibrations\r\n\r\n(i) Longitudinal vibrations: \r\n\r\nWhen the particles of the shaft or disc move parallel to the axis of the shaft, as shown in Fig. (a), then the vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations. In this case, the shaft is elongated and shortened alternately and thus the tensile and compressive stresses are induced alternately in the shaft.\r\n\r\n(ii) Transverse vibrations: \r\n\r\nWhen the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, as shown in Fig. (b), then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations. In this case, the shaft is straight and bent alternately, and bending stresses are induced in the shaft.\r\n\r\n(iii) Torsional vibrations: \r\n\r\nWhen the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, as shown in Fig. (c), then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations. In this case, the shaft is twisted and untwisted alternately and the torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.\r\nCauses of Vibration in Machines\u00a0\r\nThere are various sources of vibration in an industrial environment :\r\n(a) Impact processes such as pile driving and blasting.\r\n(b) Rotating or reciprocating machineries such as engines, compressors, and motors.\r\n(c) Transportation vehicles such as trucks, trains, and aircraft.\r\n(d) The flow of fluids through pipes and without pipes.\r\n(e) Natural calamities such as earthquakes.\r\nEffects of Vibration :\r\nThere are various harmful effects of vibration :\r\n(a) Excessive wear of bearings.\r\n(b) Formation of cracks in machines, buildings, and structures, etc.\r\n(c) Loosening of fasteners in mechanical systems.\r\n(d) Structural and mechanical failures in machines and buildings.\r\n(e) Frequent and costly maintenance of machines.\r\n(f) Electronic malfunctions through the failure of solder joints.\r\n(g) Abrasion of insulation around electric conductors, causing soots.\r\n(h) The occupational exposure of humans to vibration leads to pain, discomfort, and a reduction in working efficiency.\r\nSources of vibration in machine tool\r\n1) Unbalanced of rotating parts\r\n2) Misalignment of coupling and bearing\r\n3) Defective drive\r\n4) Interference in gears\r\n5) Self-induced vibrations because of the cutting process (tool chatter) are generated and\r\nchanges its magnitude.\r\n6) Hydraulic forces\r\n7) Aerodynamic forces.\r\n8) Mechanical looseness or insufficient rightness of fasteners.\r\nFollowing are methods to reduce the vibration in machine tool\r\n1. Change of cutting parameters: Decrease the feed rate, depth of cut and cutting speed\r\n2. Change of tool geometry: Increase of rake angle and method of clamping of the workpiece\r\n\r\n3. Change of characteristics of the vibratory system: The following methods can be employed:\r\n\r\n(i) Use tuned undamped vibration absorber to counteract forced vibration with a constant frequency.\r\nExample: Electromagnetic imbalance of motion\r\n(ii) Use of stiffener between table and over-arm of a horizontal milling machine, reduction of overheating of the tool in the lathe, use of tighter clamping of the workpiece, use of steady for long slender workpieces, etc.\r\n(iii) Introduction of vibration absorber in the vibratory system especially in boring, milling, and turning operations.\r\n\r\n4. Modification of the regenerative effect\r\n(i) The regenerative instability can be destroyed by the use of milling cutters of irregular tooth pitch for slab milling or different helix angles on successive teeth.\r\n(ii) The regenerative instability can be destroyed by the use of continuously variable spindle speed under program control.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTheory of Machine Article , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Vibration &#8211; Types of Vibrations with Diagram","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 15, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/types-of-free-vibrations-300x233.jpg","height":233,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/toggle-clamping/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Toggle-clamp-parts-300x187.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Toggle Clamping &#8211; Mechanism, Diagram, Types , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/toggle-clamping/">Toggle Clamping &#8211; Mechanism, Diagram, Types , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Toggle Clamping
Toggle clamps are also named quick clamp, quick release clamp,over-center clamp, etc. A toggle clamp is a fastening device that usually consists of a handle to control the device, a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/toggle-clamping/" aria-label="View Post: Toggle Clamping &#8211; Mechanism, Diagram, Types , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Toggle Clamping &#8211; Mechanism, Diagram, Types , Advantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/toggle-clamping\/","articleBody":"Toggle Clamping\r\nToggle clamps are also named quick clamp, quick release clamp,over-center clamp, etc. A toggle clamp is a fastening device that usually consists of a handle to control the device, a holding bar to grip the workpiece, and a linkage system of pivot pins and levers to boost the applied force(see structure picture below). Once engaged, the toggle clamp essentially becomes locked. A toggle clamp typically serves to secure an object tightly in order to prevent it from moving or separating when inward pressure is applied.\r\n\r\nToggle mechanism is used widely in the mechanical industry for various applications ranging from injection molding machines to tools &amp; fixtures. Toggle clamps are available for different types to suit the desired application.\r\nToggle Principle:\r\nToggle action clamps operate through a linkage system of levers and pivots. The fixed-length levers, connected by pivot pins supply the action and clamping force. Toggle action has an over-center lock point which is a fixed stop and linkage. Once in the over-center position, the clamp cannot move or unlock unless the linkage is moved. All types of toggle clamps have the same action, just oriented differently.\r\nFunctions of Toggle Mechanism :\r\n1.) To multiply a hand force at the handle into a high clamping force to hold work.\r\n\r\n2.) To create an over-center lock to prevent the clamp from opening and releasing the work until opened by the operator.\r\n\r\n3.) To rapidly open and close the clamp giving a wide clearance in which to load and unload the workpiece.\r\nToggle Clamp Diagram:\u00a0\r\nToggle clamp parts\r\nToggle Clamp Parts :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tHandle - Handle is operated by operator or Worker. Handle oscillate about fulcrum or pivot.\r\n \tClamping arm - Clamping arm applies force on the workpiece . when the handle gets operated then the clamping arm comes in contact with the workpiece's surface and holds it against the holding Force.\r\n \tLinkages - Linkages are used to get maximum mechanical advantages. Linkages also ensure quick clamping action and release without delay in time.\r\n \tSpindle for pressure adjustment\r\n \tBase - Base is a metal body on which all assembly mounted. The base has holes at the bottom for mounting on the worktable.\r\n\r\nToggle Clamping Mechanism :\r\nThe toggle clamping mechanism is widely used in the manufacturing industry in areas like bending, grinding, welding, fitting, etc. Tools &amp; fixtures industry are the major user of the toggle clamp mechanism, metalworking and assembly are the areas where this mechanism is seen often. Toggle mechanisms are commonly used within linkages in order to lock their position. These mechanisms do this by passing through a \u201ctoggle\u201d point where any force into the linkage would cause the linkage to maintain its position. While passing through the \u201ctoggle\u201d point, there is a great deal of stress applied to the links.\r\n\r\nA generic toggle mechanism can be considered as a good mix of a couple of traditional linkages, a four-bar linkage, and a slider-crank mechanism.\r\n\r\nFig. 1 shows the toggle clamping mechanism.\r\n\r\ntoggle clamp mechanism\r\n\r\nGround link is represented by link C and other details are;\r\n\r\n Element Details; \r\n\r\n \tA \u2013 Clamping member (output link)\r\n \tP \u2013 Input link (Hydraulic cylinder)\r\n \tC \u2013 Ground link\r\n \tm \u2013 Coupler (Output link) \r\n \tn \u2013 Crank (Support link)\r\n\r\nClamping member, A is an output link which holds the clamping jaw. Output link velocity and the force available at the output link which holds or clamp the workpiece is a function of the mechanism configuration, link position, link lengths, joint friction, and actuator parameters.\r\n\r\nForce amplification ratio is the key design parameter toggle clamping mechanism. Performance of the toggle clamp mechanism is based upon the force available at the clamping location which is output link. The clamping force available at the output link is the function of the input cylinder force, the geometric position of all the links, the coefficient of friction between moving and turning parts.\r\n\r\nThe main objective of the toggle clamping mechanism design is to generate a maximum mechanical advantage and kept the cost low. Design parameters of the toggle clamp mechanism mentioned below are crucial in formulating the optimization function of the mechanism. This optimization function can be solved using different optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms or artificial neural networks.\r\n\r\n Following parameters are important for toggle clamping mechanism design: \r\n\r\n \tThe velocity of the clamping\/sliding member \r\n \tStroke and velocity of hydraulic cylinder \r\n \tForce magnification factor\u00a0\r\n \tPin reaction at joints \r\n \tInitial position of the links \r\n \tStructural strength\r\n\r\nTypes of Toggle Clamps :\r\nThere are many different types of adjustable toggle clamps.\r\n\r\n \tHorizontal toggle clamps are in the locked position when the handle is in the horizontal position. These clamps have a low profile.\r\n \tVertical toggle clamps are in the locked position when the handle is positioned vertically.\r\n \tDiagonal hold-down clamps are similar to horizontal toggle clamps, but diagonal handle hold-down clamps are in the locked position when the handle is in a diagonal position. These clamps also have a low profile.\r\n \tPush pull clamps to have a plunger that travels in and out. These clamps provide push and pull forces. The clamp may lock in either the push or pull position. They may also be referred to as plunger-style or straight-line clamps.\r\n \tToggle edge clamps apply force both forward and downward at the same time.\r\n \tThe action of hook clamps in pulling two parts together makes them suitable for applications such as closing and holding closed doors, lids, molds, etc. Hook clamps may require a separate fixed catch.\r\n \tLatch type clamps are clamps that use a pull action to tighten. Latch type clamps may also be referred to as pull clamps. They are ideal for latching, locking, or fastening doors or fixtures. Latch clamps may be provided in horizontal or vertical configurations. Latch toggle clamps may require a separate fixed catch.\r\n \tPlier toggle clamps are handheld clamps that are configured similar to a set of pliers. A squeeze action is used to close, or toggle, the clamp. Plier toggle clamps may be referred to as squeeze clamps.\r\n \tThe pullback clamp has an action similar to a plier clamp but has a method of mounting the body.\r\n \tCam clamps are similar to vertical clamps but the clamping force is generated by the action of a roller on a cam. The cam action allows components of different thicknesses to be clamped without readjustment of the clamping spindle.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Toggle Clamps :\r\n\r\n \tQuick Operation and Time-Saving: The clamping and releases are achieved in seconds, this gives tremendous time saving per cycle.\r\n \tEasy to Setup: No additional accurate machining, slotting, etc. is needed while using these clamps in any tooling.\r\n \tLots of variety: Available in push, pull, hold down, latch type, plier type.\r\n \tDurability: All vital components are hard and zinc plated giving adequate wear and corrosion resistance ensuring longer working life.\r\n \tVery low maintenance: These clamps are virtually maintenance-free. Occasionally few drops of lubricating oil are all that is needed to keep them in good working conditions.\r\n \tCost Saving: Tooling costs are reduced as tool design and tool making become simpler. Reduced cycle time reduced with low maintenance. Reduced production cost by increasing productivity\r\n\r\nApplications of Toggle Clamps :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tToggle clamps are used in a welding fixture.\r\n \tElectronic Test Fixtures\r\n \tToggle clamps also serve as machine tool positioners\r\n \tToggle clamps are also used for Inspection and Gaging Fixtures\r\n \tToggle clamp is also used in a door closure, assembly, and woodworking jigs, and latches for container lids.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tJig and Fixture Basic | Interview Question and Answers\r\n \tLocating And Clamping Devices | Interview Question and Answers\r\n \t3-2-1 principle used for jig and Fixture Locating Method\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Toggle Clamping &#8211; Mechanism, Diagram, Types , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Toggle-clamp-parts-300x187.jpg","height":187,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/types-of-hammers/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/types-of-hammmers-and-mallet-used-in-sheet-metal-245x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of Hammers used in Industries with Pictures</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/types-of-hammers/">Types Of Hammers used in Industries with Pictures</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Hammers
A hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/types-of-hammers/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Hammers used in Industries with Pictures">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Hammers used in Industries with Pictures","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-hammers\/","articleBody":"Hammers\r\nA hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted \"head\" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood, to shape metal (as with a forge), or to crush rock. Hammers are used for a wide range of driving, shaping, and breaking applications.\r\n\r\nThe modern hammer head is typically made of steel which has been heat-treated for hardness, and the handle (also known as a haft or helve) is typically made of wood or plastic.\r\nTypes of hammers used in Forging :\r\nHand hammers\r\nThere are two major kinds of hammers are used in hand forging:\r\n\r\n(1) the hand hammer used by the smith himself and\r\n(2) the sledge hammer used by the striker.\r\n\r\nHand hammers (Fig. ) may further be classified as\r\n\r\n(a) ball peen hammer,\r\n(b) straight peen hammer, and\r\n(c) cross peen hammer.\r\n\r\nSledge hammers (Fig. ) may further be classified as\r\n\r\n(a) Double face hammer,\r\n(b) straight peen hammer, and\r\n(c) cross peen hammer.\r\n\r\nHammer heads are made of cast steel and, their ends are hardened and tempered. The striking face is made slightly convex. The weight of a hand hammer varies from about 0.5 to 2 kg whereas the weight of a sledge hammer varies from 4 to 10 kg.\r\n\r\ntypes of hammers used in forging\r\nSet hammer\r\nA set hammer generally used in the forging shop is shown in Fig. It is used for finishing corners in shouldered work where the flatter would be inconvenient. It is also used for drawing out the gorging job.\r\n\r\nSet hammers\r\nTypes of hammers used in Welding\u00a0 :\r\nChipping hammer\r\nChipping Hammer (Fig.) is used to remove the slag by striking.\r\n\r\nwelding hammers\r\nTypes Of hammers used in Sheet metals :\r\nFig shows the various types of hammers used in sheet metal work for forming shapes. The uses of different kind of hammers are given as under:\r\n\r\n(a) Smoothing hammer. Smoothing hammer (Fig. (a)) is used for leveling and smoothing a sheet metal joint.\r\n(b) Stretching hammer. Stretching hammer (Fig. (b)) is used for the stretching sheet.\r\n(c) Creasing hammer. Creasing hammer (Fig. (c)) is used to close down the joint edges of the sheets metal part.\r\n(d) Hollowing hammer. Hollowing hammer (Fig. (d)) is used for hollowing sheet metal part. It is used for generating sharp radii also.\r\n(e) Riveting hammer. Riveting hammer (Fig. (e)) is used for forming riveted heads.\r\n(f) Planishing hammer. Planishing hammer (Fig. (f)) is used for removing small marks or indentations from the sheet metal job surface and to true the shape of the work. It smoothens off the finished sheet metal work.\r\n(g) Soft hammer or Mallets. Mallets (Fig. (g)) used during working with soft metal sheets. They may be of wood, rubber, or raw hide. A mallet strikes a blow with the minimum damage to the surface. In sheet metal work, the commonly used mallets are bossing mallet, tinman\u2019s mallet (Fig. (h)), and rawhide mallet (Fig. (i)).\r\n\r\ntypes of hammers and mallet used in sheet metal\r\nTypes Of hammers used in Carpentry :\r\nMallet\r\nA mallet is a short-handled wooden hammer with a large head as shown in Fig. It is used to strike a chisel for heavy cutting waste wood, from joints such as mortises and halving joints and also for removing unwanted, wood on shaped work, etc. Mallet is frequently also used to tap parts of a project together during the assembly process.\r\n\r\nmallet used in carpentry\r\nWarrington Hammer\r\nWarrington hammer is used for knocking in nails, assembling joints and setting wooden plane blades. The head is forged from tool steel and is obtainable in various weights. The face of the hammer is hardened, tempered and ground slightly convex. The center part of the head is\r\nnot hardened as a precaution against breakage in use through its being to brittle. The handle is made of wood and is oval in cross-section to have a comfortable grip. The end of the handle fits into a hole in the head and is held in position by wooden or metal wedges that open out the grain, thus securely locking the two parts together.\r\n\r\nHammers used in carpentry\r\nPeen Hammer\r\nThe peen hammer is used for striking nails where the use of the face is impracticable. The peen hammer is very light and is used for driving the panel pins and fine nails.\r\nClaw Hammer\r\nThe claw hammer is shown in Fig. One of its end possesses curved claw which is used for extracting nails in order to provide the extra strength needed for this levering action. The other end is used for light striking work. A strong handle on the claw hammer is always necessary for carrying out the task.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types Of Hammers used in Industries with Pictures","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/types-of-hammmers-and-mallet-used-in-sheet-metal-245x300.jpg","height":300,"width":245},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/axial-flow-compressor-parts-working-diagram-advantages-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/axial-flow-turbine-diagram-300x162.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Axial flow compressor &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/axial-flow-compressor-parts-working-diagram-advantages-application/">Axial flow compressor &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Axial flow compressor
Introduction
Axial flow compressors are positive displacement type of compressor.
Axial flow compressors are turbomachines that increase the pressure of air or gas flowing...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/axial-flow-compressor-parts-working-diagram-advantages-application/" aria-label="View Post: Axial flow compressor &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Axial flow compressor &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Application","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/axial-flow-compressor-parts-working-diagram-advantages-application\/","articleBody":"Axial flow compressor\r\nIntroduction\r\nAxial flow compressors are positive displacement type of compressor.\r\nAxial flow compressors are turbomachines that increase the pressure of air or gas flowing continuously in the axial direction.\r\nConstruction of an Axial Flow Compressor\r\nAxial Flow Compressor parts :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tAn axial-flow compressor consists of fixed and moving sets of blades in alternating sequence as shown in Fig. \r\n \tThe sets of moving blades are attached to the periphery of a rotor hub and the sets of fixed blades are attached to the walls of the outer stationary casing called the stator.\r\n\r\nAxial Flow Compressor Diagram :\r\naxial flow turbine diagram\r\n\r\n \tAt the inlet of the compressor, an extra row of fixed vanes called inlet guide vanes are fitted; which guide the air at the correct angle onto the first row of moving blades.\r\n \tThe rotor and stator blade banks must be as close as possible for smooth and efficient flow.\r\n \tThe radius of the rotor hub and the length of the blades are designed so that there is only a very small tip clearance at the end of the rotor and stator blades.\r\n \tOne set of the rotor blades and one set of the stator blades constitute a stage.\r\n \tThe height of successive sets of blades is reduced to compensate for the reduction in volume resulting from increased pressure from stage to stage; thus the axial flow velocity constant through the compressor.\r\n \tThe rotor and stator blades are so arranged that the spaces between them form diverging passages; hence the velocity of the air is decreased as it passes through them, and a rise in pressure takes place.\r\n\r\nWorking of axial flow compressor :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tAs the air passes through the moving blades, the kinetic energy added to the air and pressure rises at the expense of a reduction in the relative velocity of the air; by providing diffuser passages between blades.\r\n \tThe absolute velocity of air increases due to work input to the moving blades through the rotor shaft.\u00a0\r\n\r\nvelocity and pressure variation in axial flow compressor\r\n\r\n \tNow, the air is then discharged at the proper angle to the first row of fixed blades; where the pressure is further increased by diffusion.\r\n \tThen, the air is directed to the second row of moving blades and the same process is repeated through the remaining compressor stages.\r\n \tIt is usually arranged to have an equal temperature rise in the moving and the fixed blades; to keep the axial velocity of the air constant throughout the compressor.\r\n \tThus each stage of the compression is exactly similar with regard to air velocity and blade inlet and outlet angles.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Axial flow Compressor :\u00a0\r\nAdvantages of axial flow compressor are as follows,\r\n\r\n1) It has higher efficiency than a centrifugal compressor.\r\n2) It is more suitable for multi staging &amp; increase in pressure with negligible losses.\r\n3) The pressure ratio of 8:1 or even higher can be achieved using a multi-stage axial flow compressor.\r\n4) It can handle a large amount of air inspired of small frontal area.\r\n5) It has a high thrust per unit frontal area.\r\nDisadvantages of Axial flow Compressor :\r\nDisadvantages of axial flow compressor are as follows,\r\n\r\n \tThe performance is very sensitive to its mass flow rate at the design point and any deviation from the design condition causes the efficiency to drop off drastically.\r\n \tIt has more complexity and cost.\r\n \tHigh starting power requirements.\r\n\r\nApplications of Axial flow Compressor :\u00a0\r\nApplications of axial flow compressor are as follows,\r\n\r\n \tConstant load applications such as in aircraft gas turbine engines.\r\n \tFossil fuel power stations; where gas turbines are used for topping up the station output when normal peak loads are exceeded.\r\n \tLarge marine gas turbine plant.\r\n \tBlast Furnace\u00a0\r\n \tAir separation plants\r\n \tNitric acid plants\u00a0\r\n\r\nDifference between Axial Flow compressor and Centrifugal Compressor :\r\nComparison between Centrifugal and Axial Flow Compressors as follows,\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. noParametersCentrifugal CompressorAxial Flow Compressor\n\n\n\n\n\t1.Direction of flowRadial flowFlow is Parallel to the direction of the axis of the machine\n\n\n\t2.Pressure rise per stageLow-pressure ratio per stage i.e 4.5:1; thus compact unit (Supersonic compressor 10:1\nbut cost of efficiency)Low-pressure ratio per stage i.e 1.2:1 due to the absence of centrifugal action.\n10-20 stage required to achieve pressure ratio equal to centrifugal compressor\n\n\n\t3.Isentropic Efficiency80-82%86-88%\n\n\n\t4.OperationWide range of operation between surging and choking limit.\nThe head capacity curve is flat. The part-load performance is better.Narrow range of operation between surging and choking limit.\nThe Part load performance is poor.\n\n\n\t5.Frontal areaLarger frontal area.Smaller frontal area for the same mass flow rate than that of centrifugal compressor.\n\n\n\t6.DepositsThe accumulation of deposits on the surface of flow passage does not adversely affect the\nperformance.The accumulation of deposits on the surface of flow passages adversely affects the performance.\n\n\n\t7.Starting powerNeed low starting torqueNeed high starting torque\n\n\n\t8.Construction &amp; CostSimple, rigid, and relatively cheap. At high altitude less sensitive to icing troubles.Complex and costly. It is sensitive to icing troubles at high altitudes.\n\n\n\t9.Suitability for multistageSlightly difficultMost suitable for multistage\n\n\n\t10.ApplicationsLow-pressure Refrigeration, Large central air conditioning plant, Supercharging in I.C EnginesDue to higher efficiency and smaller frontal area mostly used\nin Jet engines &amp; large marine gas turbine plant.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tVane Compressor or Blower - Diagram, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages\r\n \tScroll Compressors - Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages, Application\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nFluid Power System - Hydraulic and Pneumatic Notes\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Axial flow compressor &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/axial-flow-turbine-diagram-300x162.jpg","height":162,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/vane-compressor/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/vane-compressor-diagram-300x169.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Vane Compressor or Blower &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/vane-compressor/">Vane Compressor or Blower &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Rotary Vane Compressor or Vane  Blower
The rotary compressor is adaptable to direct drive by induction motors or multicylinder gasoline or diesel engines. The units are compact, relatively...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/vane-compressor/" aria-label="View Post: Vane Compressor or Blower &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Vane Compressor or Blower &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/vane-compressor\/","articleBody":"Rotary Vane Compressor or Vane\u00a0 Blower\r\nThe rotary compressor is adaptable to direct drive by induction motors or multicylinder gasoline or diesel engines. The units are compact, relatively inexpensive, and require a minimum of operating attention and maintenance. They occupy a fraction of the space and weight of a reciprocating machine of equivalent capacity. Rotary compressor units are classified into three general groups, slide vane-type, lobe-type, and liquid seal ring-type.\r\nConstruction and Working of Vane Compressor :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt consists of a rotor mounted eccentrically in a circular casing and is supported by ball and roller bearings in the end cover of the body as shown in Fig. \r\n \tA set of spring-loaded vanes made of non-metallic material (i.e fiber or carbon) are mounted in slots on the rotor.\r\n \tWhen the rotor rotates; the centrifugal force acts on the vanes which throw the vanes out to make contact with the casing for all angular positions of the rotor.\r\n \tThe vanes divide the space between the rotor and casing into a number of compartments.\r\n\r\n vane compressor diagram\r\n\r\n \tTwo consecutive vanes form one compartment and due to the eccentric motion of the rotor the volume of each compartment keeps on changing.\r\n \tThe suction side opens to the large area of vanes; thus as the rotor rotates; the volume of air V1 at pressure P1 is trapped between the vanes of rotor and casing.\r\n \tThe delivery side opens to a much smaller; thus the space between the rotor and casing reduces and air has reduced volume V2 and increased pressure P2.\r\n \tThe half of the total pressure rise takes place by internal reversible compression before the entrapped air is open to the delivery port.\r\n \tThe air is further compressed in an irreversible manner due to momentarily backflow of high-pressure air from the receiver.\r\n \tThe P-V diagram for this compression process of a vane compressor is shown in Fig.\r\n\r\n PV Diagram for vane compressor\r\nWork done by vane Compressor :\r\nWork done equation\r\n\r\nProcess 1-2\r\n\r\nIn the compression process, 1 \u2013 2; the volume is reduced from V1 to V2, and pressure is increased from P1 to P2 and follow according to the law PV ^\u03b3 = C.\r\n\r\nProcess 2-3\r\n\r\nIn the compression process 2 - 3, due to the backpressure from the already compressed air from the receiver is assumed to be at constant volume.\r\n\r\nTotal work done during process 1-2 and 2-3 for X number of vanes is given by,\r\n\r\n Work done by vane compressor\r\nApplications of Vane Compressor :\u00a0\r\nThe applications of vane compressor or vane blower is as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n1) Use for capacity up to 150 m3\/min.\r\n2) Pressure ratio up to 9 bar.\r\nAdvantages of Vane Compressor :\u00a0\r\nThe advantages of vane compressor or vane blower is as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n1) The rotor and the vanes are only moving parts in the compressor.\r\n2) No valves are required.\r\n3) Discharge is complete and there is no clearance volume.\r\n4) The operation is positive displacement as the gas is drawn in, trapped, and positively displaced by the movement of the vanes.\r\nDisadvantages of Vane Compressor :\u00a0\r\nThe Disadvantages of vane compressor are as follows,\r\n\r\n1) The pressure involved in forcing the vanes back into the rotor will cause some vibration.\r\n2) The speed is limited to 3000 rpm.\r\n3) Lubrication must require at the vane tip to reduce the friction between vanes and casing.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nFluid Power System - Hydraulic and Pneumatic Notes\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Vane Compressor or Blower &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/vane-compressor-diagram-300x169.jpg","height":169,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/roots-blower-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/rool-blower-compressor-diagram-300x242.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Roots Blower &#8211; Parts , Working , Diagram, Efficiency, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/roots-blower-working/">Roots Blower &#8211; Parts , Working , Diagram, Efficiency, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Roots Blower 
A Roots blower is a valve-less displacement compressor without internal compression.  Blowers are usually air-cooled and oil-free. Their low efficiency limits these blowers to very...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/roots-blower-working/" aria-label="View Post: Roots Blower &#8211; Parts , Working , Diagram, Efficiency, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Roots Blower &#8211; Parts , Working , Diagram, Efficiency, Advantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/roots-blower-working\/","articleBody":"Roots Blower \r\nA Roots blower is a valve-less displacement compressor without internal compression.\r\n\r\nBlowers are usually air-cooled and oil-free. Their low efficiency limits these blowers to very low-pressure applications and compression in a single stage, even if two- and three-stage versions are available. Roots blowers are frequently used as vacuum pumps and for pneumatic conveyance.\r\nRoot blower Compressor Diagram :\u00a0\r\n root blower compressor diagram\r\nConstruction and\u00a0 Working of Root Blowers :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe two-lobe type roots blower is shown in Fig. One of the rotors is connected to an external drive and the second rotor is driven from the first.\r\n \tThe lobes of the rotors are of cycloid or involute form giving correct mating to seal the delivery side from the inlet side.\r\n \tThe high-pressure delivery side is sealed from the low-pressure suction side at all angular positions and this sealing continues until delivery commences.\r\n \tTo reduce wear, a small clearance (i.e 0.01 cm to 0.02 cm) is provided between the lobes and casing.\r\n \tThe clearance however forms a leakage path and has an increasingly adverse effect on efficiency as the pressure ratio increases.\r\n \tDuring rotation, the volume of air \u2018V\u2019 at atmospheric pressure \u2018P\u2019 is trapped between the left-hand rotor and the casing, and this air is positively displaced at constant pressure without a change in volume until the space opens to high-pressure region.\r\n \tTheoretically, there should be no pressure rise; because the flow area does not decrease from inlet to exit.\r\n \tBut when the outlet port opens, the high-pressure air in the receiver offers resistance to the delivery of blower discharge causing in instantaneous irreversible pressure rise.\r\n \tThe air in space \u2018A\u2019 and \u2018C\u2019 is at atmospheric pressure P1 and the air in the space B increases in pressure to the value of receiver pressure P2.\r\n \tThe irreversible pressure rise from P1 to\u00a0 P2 at constant volume is shown in the P-V diagram.\r\n\r\nPV DIagram for roots blowers\r\nEfficiency of Roots blower\r\nRoots efficiency is defined as the ratio of isentropic work done to actual work done and it is given by,\r\nRoots efficiency =\u00a0 ( Isentropic Work done \/ Actual Work done )\r\n\r\n\r\n Root blower compressor efficiency\r\n\r\nThis equation shows that the efficiency of the root decreases with the increase in pressure ratio.\r\nApplications of Root Blowers :\u00a0\r\nApplication of Root blowers are as follows :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tScavenging and supercharging of I.C. Engines.\r\n \tDelivery capacity: 0.14 m3\/min to 1400 m3\/min.\r\nPressure ratio: 2:1 for a single-stage and 3:1 for a two-stage.\r\n \tElectrolytic Tank - Deliver air into the electrolytic tank so as to circulate the electrolyte for achieving better plating quality.\r\n \tPaper Feeding for Printer - For paper segregation, paper handling, and paper feeding.\r\n \tCleaning the Piping - To blow out dust or metal from the piping, so as to keep the piping clean.\r\n \tDrying the Conveyer Belt - For drying small conveyor belts.\r\n \tWastewater Treatment - Stirring the sediment, or purification of a water treatment plant.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Root Blowers :\r\nRoot blowers has some advantages over another type of compressor, they are as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n1) It has only two moving parts (i.e two rotors) which are identical in shape and size.\r\n2) Its operation is entirely rotary.\r\n3) As the rotors are symmetric about their center of rotation, the operation is dynamical balanced.\r\n4) Discharge of the compressed gas is complete and there is no clearance volume.\r\nRoots-Blower Disadvantages \r\n\r\n \tIn the range of partial load, the conveying speed is higher, i.E. Wear on the conveyor pipe and breakage of the conveying material will be greater.\r\n \tA conveying speed once chosen can only be altered with considerable expenditure.\r\n \tDue to the low-frequency noises (pulsating conveying airflow), expensive noise dampening equipment will be necessary.\r\n \tIn order not to exceed the operating pressures, a control device must be installed; on account of the narrow piston clearance.\r\n \tThe roots-blower is sensitive to foreign matter, i.E., Filter cleaning of the conveying air is required.\r\n \tAfter a longer period of use, the piston clearance becomes larger and leads to capacity losses.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Roots Blower &#8211; Parts , Working , Diagram, Efficiency, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 21, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rool-blower-compressor-diagram-300x242.jpg","height":242,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=7">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=6"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>6</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=7"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>7</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>8</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=9"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>9</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=10"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>10</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=9">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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