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types , working , advantages , Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Automatic Lubrication System
An Automatic Lubrication System (ALS) often referred to as a centralized lubrication system is a system that delivers a controlled amount of lubricant (either grease or...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/automatic-lubrication-system-types-working-advantages-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Automatic Lubrication System : types , working , advantages , Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Automatic Lubrication System : types , working , advantages , Disadvantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/automatic-lubrication-system-types-working-advantages-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Automatic Lubrication System\r\nAn Automatic Lubrication System (ALS) often referred to as a centralized lubrication system is a system that delivers a controlled amount of lubricant (either grease or oil) at specific times to multiple locations on a machine while the machine is operating. This system is more precise and it eliminates the cycle of over-lubrication and under-lubrication that contributes to bearing failure.\r\n\r\nAutomatic lubrication system generally comprises the following elements.\r\n\r\n(a) Controller or timer: It activates the system to distribute lubrication can be linked to a POS system.\r\n\r\n(b) Pump with reservoir: It is used to store and deliver the lubricant to the system.\r\n\r\n(c) Metering valves \/ Injectors-. It is a component that measures\/dispenses the lubricant to the application points.\r\n\r\n(d) Supply lines: It is a pipeline that connects the pump to the metering valves or injectors. The lubricant is pumped through these valves or injectors.\r\n\r\n(e) Feed lines:It is a pipeline that connects the metering valves or injectors to the application points.\r\nReason for automatic lubrication system:\r\nWhether the equipment is stationary such as in a manufacturing facility or mobile such as trucks, mining or construction equipment, applying lubricant is often most effective when it is dispensed in small, measured amounts over short and frequent time intervals. However,\r\ntime and human resource constraints or sometimes, the physical location or type of machine often makes this approach to lubrication impossible. As a result, production cycles, machine availability and manpower availability dictate the intervals at which machinery is lubricated which is not optimal for the point requiring lubrication. Automatic lubrication systems are installed on machinery to address this problem.\r\nBenefits of automatic lubrication system:\r\n\r\n \tAll critical components are lubricated regardless of location or ease of access\r\n \tLubrication occurs while the machinery is in operation causing the lubricant to be equally distributed within the bearing and increasing the machine\u2019s availability.\r\n \tproper lubrication of critical components ensures the safe operation of the machinery.\r\n \tLess wear on components means extended component* life, few breakdowns, reduced downtime, reduced replacement costs and reduced maintenance costs.\r\n \tMeasured lubrication amount delivery facilitates no wasted lubricant.\r\n \tThere is no climbing around machinery or inaccessible areas (gases, exhaust, confined spaces, etc.) and hence, the safety is improved.\r\n \tIt lowers the energy consumption due to less friction.\r\n \tIt increases the overall productivity resulting from an increase in machine availability and reduction in downtime due to breakdown or general maintenance.\r\n\r\nDifferent types of automatic lubrication system:\r\nThere are several different types of automatic lubrication systems. The most commonly used systems are as follows.\r\n\r\n(a) Single line parallel\r\n(b) Dual-line parallel\r\n(c) Single line progressive\r\n(d) Mist lubrication\r\n(e) Multi-port direct lubricators.\r\nSingle line parallel\r\nA single line parallel system can service a single machine, different zones on a single machine or even several separate machines and it is ideal when the volume of lubricant varies for each point. In this type of system, a central pump station automatically delivers lubricant\r\nthrough a single supply line to multiple branches of injectors. Each injector serves a single lubrication point, it operates independently and it may be individually adjusted to deliver the desired amount of lubricant.\r\nThe operation begins when the controller\/timer will send a signal to the pump starting the lube cycle. The pump begins pumping lubricant to build up pressure in the supply line connecting the pump to injectors. Once the required pressure is reached, the lube injectors dispense a predetermined amount of lubricant to the lubrication points via feed lines. Once the entire system reaches the required pressure, a pressure switch will send a signal to the controller indicating that grease has cycled through to all distribution points. The pump shuts off. The pressure is vented out of the system and grease in the line is redirected back to the pump reservoir until the normal system pressure level is restored.\r\n\r\nsingle-line parallel lubrication system\r\n\r\nAdvantages\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is easy to design.\r\n \tIt is an easy and cost-effective installation.\r\n \tIt has individually adjustable injectors.\r\n \tIt has proven dependable design.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt may not be suitable for combinations of heavy lubricants, cold temperatures, long supply line runs between pumps and injectors.\r\n\r\nDual-line parallel system:\r\nA dual-line parallel system is similar to the single line parallel system. It uses hydraulic pressure to cycle adjustable valves to dispense measured shots of lubricant. It has 2 main supply lines which are alternatively used as pressure\/vent lines. The advantage of a two-line system is that it can handle hundreds of lubrication points from several thousand feet using significantly smaller tubing or pipe. single pump station over\r\nThe operation begins when the controller\/timer sends a signal to the pump to start the lubrication cycle. The pump begins pumping lubricant to build up pressure in the first (the pressure) supply line while simultaneously venting the second (vent) return line. Once the\r\nrequired pressure is reached, a predetermined amount of lubricant is dispensed by the metering devices to half of the lubrication points via feed lines.\r\n\r\ndual line parallel lubrication system\r\n\r\nOnce the pressure switch monitoring main supply line pressure indicating a preset pressure in the line has been reached, the system is hydraulically closed. The controller shuts off the pump and signals a changeover valve to redirect lubricant to the second main supply line. The next time the controller activates the system, the second mainline now becomes the pressure line while the first line becomes the vent line. The second line is pressurized and the entire process is repeated lubricating the remaining lube points.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n \tIt easily handles very viscous (heavy) greases.\r\n \tIt can accommodate long supply line runs between pump and metering devices.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n \tIt may not be the most cost-effective for smaller systems.\r\n \tIt requires two supply lines (another cost).\r\n\r\nSingle line progressive system:\r\nA single line progressive system uses lubricant flow to cycle individual metering valves and valve assemblies. The valves consist of dispensing pistons moving back and forth in a specific bore. Each piston depends on flow from the previous piston to shift and displace lubricant. If one piston does not shift, none of the following pistons will shift. Valve output is not adjustable. The operation begins when the controller\/timer will send a signal to the pump to start the lube event. The pump then feeds lubricant into the supply line which connects to the primary\r\nmetering valve for either a preprogrammed amount of time or number of times as monitored through a designated piston cycle switch. Lubricant is fed to the multiple lubrication points one after another via secondary progressive metering valves sized for each series of\r\nlubrication points and directly to each point via the feed lines.\r\n\r\nsingle-line progressive system\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n \tIt accommodates a wide range of system control\/monitoring options\r\n \tIt can identify blockage by monitoring a single point.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n \tOne blockage can disable the entire system\r\n \tLarge systems may require complex piping\/tubing runs.\r\n\r\n(d) Mist lubrication:\r\nAnother simple system, mist lubrication facilitates low oil consumption and cool running bearings. Mist is generated with heat and\/or air currents and it is carried through the pipe to the lubrication point with low-pressure air. Then, it is sized to the appropriate droplet before it is dispensed to the bearing. Closed-loop systems are environmentally friendly because they return the mist to the generator.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n \tIt cools and lubricates bearings\r\n \tLow pressure keeps pipe material cost down\r\n \tPositive pressure helps keep contaminants out of bearings.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n \tEnvironmental\/health concerns of \u201cstray mist,\u201d is especially with open-loop systems\r\n \tIt handles oil only\r\n \tIt is highly sensitive to flow, viscosity and pressure variables\r\n \tIt has an extra pipe cost for closed-loop systems.\r\n\r\n(e) Multi-port direct lubricators:\r\nWhen the controller in the pump or external Controller activates the drive motor, a set of cams will turn and activate individual injectors dr pump elements to dispense a fixed amount of lubricant to each lubrication point. Systems are easy to design, direct pump to lube point without added accessories and easy to troubleshoot.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMechanical MCQ Objectives Question and Answers\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Automatic Lubrication System : types , working , advantages , Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 17, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/single-line-parallel-lubrication-system-300x269.jpg","height":269,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/lubrication-purpose-lubricants-method-of-lubrication/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/hydrostatic-lubrication-300x202.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Lubrication : purpose , Lubricants , Method of Lubrication</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/lubrication-purpose-lubricants-method-of-lubrication/">Lubrication : purpose , Lubricants , Method of Lubrication</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>LUBRICATION
Importance of Lubrication
In industrial equipment/machineries, the surface of mechanical parts will have physical contact on neighboring parts to establish a relative motion between...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/lubrication-purpose-lubricants-method-of-lubrication/" aria-label="View Post: Lubrication : purpose , Lubricants , Method of Lubrication">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Lubrication : purpose , Lubricants , Method of Lubrication","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/lubrication-purpose-lubricants-method-of-lubrication\/","articleBody":"LUBRICATION\r\nImportance of Lubrication\r\nIn industrial equipment\/machineries, the surface of mechanical parts will have physical contact on neighboring parts to establish a relative motion between them. During the operation of equipment, those contacting surfaces are subjected to friction which depends on the area of material, properties of the material, etc. which is undesirable. It leads to progressive damage thereby resulting in a material loss which is defined as wear. Friction and wear also generate heat and responsible for the overall loss in system efficiency. All of them contribute to significant economic costs due to equipment failure, the cost for replacement and downtime.\r\nTo reduce the power loss and also wear and tear of moving parts, a foreign substance called lubricant is introduced in between rubbing surfaces. The lubricant keeps the mating surfaces apart.\r\nObjectives of Lubrication\r\nThe primary objective of lubrication is to reduce wear and heat between contacting surfaces in relative motion. Utilizing lubrication, the coefficient of friction (which depends on .area of contact and amount of load acting) could be reduced and in turn heat and wear of the surfaces. Lubrication also aids to\r\n(i) reduce oxidation and rust formation\r\n(ii) provide insulation in transformer application\r\n(iii) transmit mechanical power in hydro fluid power systems\r\n(iv) seal against dust, dirt and water.\r\nPurposes of Lubrication or Functions of Lubrication\r\nSelecting the right lubricant, amount of lubricant and correct application of the lubricant are essential to the successful performance of any friction surfaces in machinery because lubricants serve three purposes.\r\n\r\n(i) It reduces friction between moving parts by separating them.\r\n(ii) It reduces wear and tear of the moving parts.\r\n(iii) It minimizes the power loss due to friction.\r\n(iv) It provides the cooling effect: During circulation, it carries the heat from hot moving parts and delivers it to the surrounding.\r\n(v) It provides a cushion effect.\r\n(vi) It provides the cleaning action.\r\n(vii) It provides a sealing action. It helps the piston rings to provide an effective seal against high-pressure gases in the cylinder from leaking out.\r\n(viii) It reduces noise.\r\nLubricants\r\nAny material used to reduce friction between wearing surfaces with a high coefficient of friction by establishing a low-viscous (shear strength) film is called lubricants. Lubricants are available in liquid, solid and gaseous forms. Solid lubricants (soap, mica, molybdenum- disulfide etc.) are used for industrial applications when oil or grease is not suitable. Graphite is used when the loading at the contact points is heavy.\r\nMethods of Lubrication\r\nVarious methods of lubrication normally used for industrial applications are as follows.\r\n\r\na) Hydrostatic lubrication\r\nb) Hydrodynamic or fluid film lubrication\r\nc) Boundary lubrication\r\nd) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHD)\r\ne) Extreme pressure (EP) lubrication.\r\n1. Hydrostatic lubrication:\r\nIn hydrostatic lubrication systems, a thin film of lubrication is created between mating surfaces, for example, journal and bearing, by supplying lubricant under pressure with an external source similar to a pump.\r\n\r\nhydrostatic lubrication\r\n2. Hydrodynamic or fluid film lubrication:\r\nIn heavily loaded machinery which are thrust bearings and horizontal journal bearings apart from the viscosity of the fluid, higher fluid pressure is also required to support the load until the film is established. If the pressure is generated externally, it is called hydrostatic lubrication and if generated internally i.e. within the bearing by dynamic action and it is referred to as hydrodynamic lubrication. In hydrodynamic lubrication, a fluid wedge is formed by the relative surface motion of journals or the thrust runners over their bearing surfaces.\r\n\r\nIn hydrodynamic lubrication, the wearing surfaces are completely separated by a film of oil. This type of lubrication is similar to motorized speed in a boat moving on water. When the boat is not moving or begins to move, it experiences a resistance due to the viscosity of water. It causes a slight lift of the leading edge of the boat and it allows a small amount of water between the space due to lifting and supporting water surface. As the velocity of the boat increases, the wedge-shaped water film will also increase until a constant velocity is reached. When the velocity is constant, the amount of water entering the leading edge will equal the amount of water passing outward from the trailing edge. For the boat to remain above the supporting surface, there should exist an upward pressure that is equal to the load. The same principle can be applied to the sliding surface.\r\n\r\nHydrodynamic or fluid film lubrication\r\n\r\nThe operation of thrust bearing is an example of hydrodynamic lubrication. Thrust bearing assembly used in hydropower industries are also called tilt pad bearings. The pads of these bearings are designed to lift and tilt to provide enough area for lifting the load of the generator. As the thrust runner moves over the thrust shoe, fluid adhering to the runner is drawn between runner and shoe forming a wedge of oil. As the velocity of the thrust runner increases, the pressure of the oil wedge and the runner is lifted as full, the fluid film lubrication takes place. When the load is high, the pressure pumps are used to provide an initial oil film.\r\n\r\nThe operation of a journal or sleeve bearing is also an example of hydrodynamic lubrication. When the journal is at rest, its weight will squeeze the oil film so that the journal directly rests on the bearing surface. During operation, the journal tends to roll up the side of bearing. So, the fluid adhering to the journal is drawn into the contact area and when the speed increases an oil wedge is formed which is shown in Figure. The pressure of the oil wedge increases until the journal is lifted vertically but it is also pushed to the side by pressure of oil wedge.\r\n3. Boundary lubrication:\r\nWhen a full fluid film is not developed between rubbing surfaces, the thickness of the film may be reduced so that the dry contact is formed at high points or asperities of mating surfaces. This condition is a characteristic of boundary lubrication. This situation arises when any one of the full film thickness forming factors are missing. The common examples of this type we experience during starting and stopping of bearings in equipment, for example, reciprocating equipment-compressor pistons, turbine wicket gates, gear teeth contact, etc.\r\n4. Extreme pressure lubrication:\r\nAnti-wear agents (chemicals) which are normally used in boundary lubrication will not be effective beyond a certain temperature (250\u00b0C). In heavy loading applications, oil temperature raises beyond the anti-wear protection. Under this situation, lubricants containing additives that protect against extreme pressure called EP lubricants are used. EP lubrication can be achieved by chemical compounds of boron, phosphorus, sulfur, chloride or combination of them. These are activated by high temperatures resulting from extreme pressure. At these temperatures, EP molecules become reactive and release derivatives bf phosphorus chloride or sulfur. These derivatives form a solid protective coating that fills the asperities of the exposed surfaces.\r\n5. Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication:\r\nThe lubrication principle applies to rolling bodies such as ball or roller bearings known as Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) Lubrication. The formation of the lubricant film between mating bearing surfaces is called the Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) mechanism of lubrication. The two major considerations in EHD lubrication are the elastic deformation of the contacting bodies under load and hydrodynamic effects forcing the lubricant to separate contacting surfaces while the pressure of the load is deforming them. The contact between the large end of the roller and inner race rib is called elastohydrodynamic contact or a hydrodynamic contact (as elastic deformations are negligible). As\r\nthe rib\/roller loads are much lower than roller\/race loads, the film at the rib\/roller end contact is usually twice as thick as on the roller\/race contact.\r\n\r\nHowever, scoring and welding may still occur in severe conditions including high speeds, viscosity, load or inadequate lubrication. In these conditions, a lubricant with EP (extreme pressure) additives is to be used to prevent the bearing damage. Even though the lubrication principle of rolling objects is different from sliding objects, the principle of hydrodynamic lubrication can be applied up to certain limits. An oil wedge similar to hydrodynamic lubrication exists at the lower leading edge of bearing. Adhesion of oil to the sliding element and supporting surface increases the pressure and it creates an oil film between two surfaces. Since the area of contact is extremely small in a roller bearing or ball bearing, the force per unit area will be extremely high. Under this pressure, it would appear that the oil could be squeezed from between surfaces.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nNon traditional machining Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Lubrication : purpose , Lubricants , Method of Lubrication","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 17, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/hydrostatic-lubrication-300x202.jpg","height":202,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/gear-train-types-diagram-design-calculation/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Compound-Gear-Train-300x272.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Gear Train &#8211; Types , Diagram , Design Calculation</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/gear-train-types-diagram-design-calculation/">Gear Train &#8211; Types , Diagram , Design Calculation</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Gear Train
Gears are used for power transmission from one shaft to another. Sometimes, two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one shaft to another. Such a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/gear-train-types-diagram-design-calculation/" aria-label="View Post: Gear Train &#8211; Types , Diagram , Design Calculation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Gear Train &#8211; Types , Diagram , Design Calculation","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/gear-train-types-diagram-design-calculation\/","articleBody":"What is Gear Train\r\nGears are used for power transmission from one shaft to another. Sometimes, two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one shaft to another. Such a combination is called a gear train or train of toothed wheels.\r\n\r\nGear train Types depends on the following factors :\r\n\r\n \tThe relative position of the axes of shafts.\r\n \tVelocity ratio required.\r\n\r\nRead also:\u00a0Types Of Gears | Material Used For Gears | Application\r\nGear train and its types\r\nFollowing are the different types of gear trains, depending upon the arrangement of wheels:\r\n1. Simple gear train,\r\n2. Compound gear train,\r\n3. Reverted gear train, and\r\n4. Epicyclic gear train.\r\n\r\nIn the first three types of gear trains, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted are fixed relative to each other. But in case of epicyclic gear trains, the axes of the shafts on which the gears are mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.\r\nSimple Gear Train\r\n\r\n \tWhen there is only one gear on each shaft, it is known as a simple gear train.\r\n \tWhen the distance between the two shafts is small, the two gears 1 and 2 are made to mesh with each other to transmit motion from one shaft to the other, as shown in Fig. 1. Since the gear 1 drives the gear 2, therefore gear 1 is called the driver and the gear 2 is called the driven or follower.\r\n \tIt may be noted that the motion of the driven gear is opposite to the motion of driving gear.\r\n\r\nsimple gear train\r\n\r\n \tSometimes, the distance between the two gears is large. The motion from one gear to another, in such a case, maybe transmitted by either of the following two methods :\r\n1. By providing the large-sized gear, or\r\n2. By providing one or more intermediate gears.\r\n \tThe idle gears ( Gear number 2 in fig . b ) are used for the following two purposes:\r\n1. To connect gears where a large center distance is required, and\r\n2. To obtain the desired direction of motion of the driven gear (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise)\r\n \tLet N1 = Speed of gear 1(or driver) in r.p.m.,\r\nN2 = Speed of gear 2 (or driven or follower) in r.p.m.,\r\nT1 = Number of teeth on gear 1, and\r\nT2 = Number of teeth on gear 2.\r\n\r\nSince the speed ratio (or velocity ratio) of the gear train is the ratio of the speed of the driver to the speed of the driven or follower and ratio of speeds of any pair of gears in mesh is the inverse of their number of teeth, therefore\r\n\r\nSpeed Ratio = ( N1 \/ N2 = T2\/T1 )\r\nSpeed Ratio = ( Speed of Driver \/ Speed of Driven ) = ( No. of teeth of Driven \/ No. of teeth of Driver)\u00a0\r\n\r\nCompound Gear Train:\r\n\r\n \tWhen there is more than one gear on a shaft, as shown in Fig. , it is called a compound train of gear.\r\n \tWe have seen in the previous section that the idle gears, in a simple train of gears do not affect the speed ratio of the system. But these gears are useful in bridging over the space between the driver and the driven. But whenever the distance between the driver and the driven or follower has to be bridged over by intermediate gears and at the same time a great ( or much less ) speed ratio is required, then the advantage of intermediate gears is intensified by providing compound gears on intermediate shafts.\r\n \tIn this case, each intermediate shaft has two gears rigidly fixed to it so that they may have the same speed. One of these two gears meshes with the driver and the other with the driven or follower attached to the next shaft as shown in Fig.\r\n\r\nCompound Gear Train\r\n\r\n \tThe advantage of a compound train over a simple gear train is that a much larger speed reduction from the first shaft to the last shaft can be obtained with small gears. If a simple gear train is used to give a large speed reduction, the last gear has to be very large. Usually for a speed reduction in excess of 7 to 1, a simple train is not used and a compound train or worm gearing is employed.\r\n\r\nSpeed Ratio = ( Speed of First Driver \/ Speed Of Last Driven ) = ( Product of the number of teeth on the driven\/ Product of the number of teeth on the driver)\r\n\r\nReverted gear train\r\n\r\n \tReverted Gear Train: When the axes of the first gear (i.e. first driver) and the last gear (i.e. last driven or follower) are co-axial, then the gear train is known as reverted gear train as shown in Fig.\r\n \tA Reverted gear train is extremely just like a compound gear train. They're both used when there's a desire of huge changes in speed or power output but the space for accommodating several gears is restricted.\r\n \tA reverted gear train is also a compound gear train, having the input and output shafts on the same axis (Co-axial). If these two gears are mounted on the same shaft, one of them must be loosely mounted. And also the distance between the centers of the two gears in each pair must be the same.\r\n \tThe gear transmission ratio is calculated similarly like a compound gear train.\r\n\r\nReverted gear train\r\nEpicyclic Gear Train:\r\nEpicyclic gearing also called as planetary gearing. It is a gear system that consists of one or more outer gear (planet gear) rotating about a central (sun gear). The planet gear is mounted on a moveable arm (carrier) which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems may also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears.\r\n\r\nThe figure shows an example of epicyclic gearing. It is used to increase output speed. The planet gear carrier is driven by an input torque. The sun gear provides the output torque, while the ring gear is fixed.\r\n\r\nParts Of Epicyclic Gear train\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Introduction to Epicyclic Gear Train | Working And Advantages\r\n\r\n \tThe epicyclic gear trains are useful for transmitting high-velocity ratios with gears of moderate size in a comparatively lesser space. The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears of the automobiles, hoists, pulley blocks, wristwatches, etc\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRobotics and Automation - Notes , articles , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nIndustrial Engineering Notes , Articles , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nMechatronics System Notes , article , Interview Que and Ans\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Gear Train &#8211; Types , Diagram , Design Calculation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 15, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Compound-Gear-Train-300x272.png","height":272,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/heat-treatment-processes-types-purpose-classification/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/annealing-300x238.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Heat treatment Processes  : Types , Purpose , Classification</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/heat-treatment-processes-types-purpose-classification/">Heat treatment Processes  : Types , Purpose , Classification</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>This article is about the heat treatment process which used in manufacturing industries for changing some properties of the material. Heat treatment processes involve high heating of metal at some...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/heat-treatment-processes-types-purpose-classification/" aria-label="View Post: Heat treatment Processes  : Types , Purpose , Classification">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Heat treatment Processes  : Types , Purpose , Classification","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/heat-treatment-processes-types-purpose-classification\/","articleBody":"This article is about the heat treatment process which used in manufacturing industries for changing some properties of the material. Heat treatment processes involve high heating of metal at some temperature and sudden cooling it using a quenching medium. In this article you will learn heat treatment processes and their classification. we will also see the Purpose of heat treatment processes, why they are carried out.\r\nIntroduction to heat treatment :\r\nSteel and other alloys have a large number of applications in engineering practice under varying conditions, requiring different properties in them. At one place they may be subjected to bending while at the other to twisting. They may be required to withstand various types of stresses and as a tool, materials to have hardness, especially red hardness, combined with toughness along with anon-brittle cutting edge. They may be required to bear static or dynamic loads, revolve at extremely high speeds, operate in highly corrosive media, carry an extremely hard skin with a tough core, subjected to fatigue and creep, etc. Such varying conditions of their applications require these materials to possess specific properties of the required order to successfully serve under these conditions. But, a material may lack in some or all of these properties either fully or partially. These deficiencies are fulfilled through the process of heat treatment. Generally all steels can be heat treated as per need. Aluminum is the only non-ferrous metal which can be effectively heat treated.\r\n\r\nThe process of heat treatment involves heating of solid metals to specified (recrystallization)temperatures holding them at that temperature and then cooling them at suitable rates to enable the metals to acquire the desired properties to the required extents. All this takes place because of the changes in size, form, nature, and the distribution of different constituents in the microstructure of these metals. All heat treatment processes, therefore, comprise the following three stages of components:\r\nStages of heat treatment Process :\r\n1. Heating the metal to a predefined temperature.\r\n\r\n2. Holding it at that temperature for sufficient time so that the structure of the metal becomes uniform throughout.\r\n\r\n3. Cooling the metal at a predetermined rate in a suitable media to force the metal to acquire a desired internal structure and thus, obtain the desired properties to the required extent. All this takes place because of the changes in size, form, nature, and the distribution of different constituents in the microstructure of these metals.\r\n\r\nRead More about heat treatment process :\u00a03 Steps Of Heat Treatment Process | Basic Of Heat Treatment\r\n\u00a0Purpose of Heat Treatment\r\nMetals and alloys are heat treated to achieve one or more of the following objectives:\r\n1. To relieve internal stresses set up during other operations like casting, welding, hot and cold working, etc.\r\n2. To improve mechanical properties like hardness, toughness, strength, ductility, etc.\r\n\r\n3. To improve machinability\r\n\r\n4. To change the internal structure to improve their resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion.\r\n\r\n5. To effect a change in their grain size.\r\n\r\n6. To soften them to make suitable for operations like cold rolling and wire drawing.\r\n\r\n7. To improve their electrical and magnetic properties.\r\n\r\n8. To make their structure homogenous to remove coring and segregation.\r\n\r\n9. To drive out trapped gases.\r\nClassification of Heat Treatment Processes\r\nVarious heat treatment processes can be classified as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Annealing.\r\n\r\n2. Normalizing.\r\n\r\n3. Hardening.\r\n\r\n4. Tempering.\r\n\r\n5. Case hardening.\r\n\r\n6. Surface hardening.\r\n\r\n7. Diffusion coating.\r\nAnnealing\r\nAnnealing is indeed one of the most important heat treatment processes. The internal structure of the metal gets stabilized through this process. This heat treatment is given to the metal to achieve one on more of the following objectives:\r\n\r\n1. To refine the grains and provide a homogenous structure.\r\n\r\n2. To relieve internal stresses set up during earlier operations.\r\n\r\n3. To soften the metal and, thus, improve its machinability.\r\n\r\n4. To effect changes in some mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties.\r\n\r\n5. To prepare steel for further treatment or processing.\r\n\r\n6. To drive out gases trapped during casting.\r\n\r\n7. To produce the desired macrostructure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDifferent type of annealing processes can be classified as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Full annealing - The main objectives of this type of annealing are to soften the metal, relieve its stresses, and refine its grain structure. It is also known as high-temperature annealing. In this process complete phase recrystallization takes place and, therefore, all imperfections of the previous structure are wiped out. This involves heating of steel to a temperature about 30 degrees to 50 degrees above the higher critical point for hypereutectoid steels, and by the same amount above the lower critical point for hypereutectoid steels, holding it at that temperature for sufficient time to allow the internal changes to take place and then cooling slowly.\r\n\r\n2. Process annealing -The purpose of process annealing is to remove the ill effects of cold working and often the metal so that its ductility is restored and it can be again plastically deformed or put to service without any danger of its failure due to fracture. It is also known as a slow temperature annealing or sub-critical annealing or commercial annealing. The process is extremely useful for mild steels and low carbon steels and is cheaper and quicker than full annealing. Also, less scale is produced during this process. The main output of this process is increased ductility and plasticity, improved shock resistance, reduced hardness, improved machinability, and removal of internal stresses. During cold working operations like cold-rolling, wire drawing, a metal gets severely strain-hardened.\r\n\r\n3. Spheroidise annealing - The main purpose of spheroidise annealing is to produce a structure of steel that consists of globules or well-dispersed spheroids of cementite in the ferrite matrix. Following are the main methods through which the above objective can be obtained:\r\n\r\n1. High carbon steels: Heating the steel to a temperature slightly above the lower critical point (say between 730 deg C to 770 deg C, depending upon the carbon percentage), holding it at that temperature for sufficient time and than cooling it in the furnace to a temperature 600 deg C to 550 deg C, followed by slowly cooling it down to room temperature instill air.\r\n\r\n2. Tool steels and high-alloy steels: Heating to a temperature of 750 deg C to 800 deg C, or even higher, holding at that temperature for several hours and then cooling slowly.\r\n\r\n4. Diffusion annealing -\u00a0 The purpose of diffusion annealing is to remove the heterogeneity in the chemical composition of steel ingots and heavy castings This process is mainly used before applying full annealing to steel castings. In this process, the metal is heated to a temperature between 1100 degrees C to 1200 degree C, where diffusion occurs and grains are homogenized. The metal piece being treated is held at the diffusion temperature for a short time to allow complete diffusion and then cooled down to between 800 degrees C to 850 degrees C by keeping it inside the shut-off furnace for a period of about 6 to 8 hours. Then it is removed from the furnace and cooled in the air down to the room temperature. Then full annealing is performed.\r\n\r\n5. Isothermal annealing - The isothermal annealing consists of heating steel to austenite state and then cooling it down to a temperature of about 630 deg C to 680 deg C at a relatively faster rate. It is followed by holding it at this constant temperature (i.e isothermal) for some time and then cooling it down to the room temperature at a rapid rate. During the isothermal holding full decomposition to pearlite structure takes place and that is why the process is known as isothermal annealing. Because of the two rapid coolings the total annealing time is considerably reduced.\r\nNormalizing\r\nThe normalizing process is similar to annealing in sequence but varies in the heating temperature range, holding time and the rate of cooling. Heating temperature of steel is 40 deg C to 50 deg C above the higher critical point, held at that temperature for a relatively very short period of time (about 15 min.) and then cooled down to room temperature in still air. This heat treatment is commonly used as the final heat treatment for such articles which are supposed to be subjected to higher stress during operation. Due to this treatment internal stress caused during previous operations are removed, the internal structure is refined to fine grains and mechanical properties of steel are improved. This process also improves the impact strength, yield point and ultimate tensile strength of steels. As compared to the annealed steels of the same composition the normalized steels will be less ductile but stronger and harder. For improvement of the mechanical properties normalizing process should be preferred and to attain better machinability, softening and greater removal of internal stress annealing process should be employed.\r\n\r\nThe main objects of normalizing are :\r\n\r\n1. To refine the grain structure of the steel to improve machinability, tensile strength and\r\nstructure of weld.\r\n2. To remove strains caused by cold working processes like hammering, rolling, bending,\r\netc., which makes the metal brittle and unreliable.\r\n3. To remove dislocations caused in the internal structure of the steel due to hot working.\r\n4. To improve certain mechanical and electrical properties.\r\n\r\n\r\nHardening\r\nThis process is widely applied to all cutting tools, all machine parts made from alloy steels, dies and some selected machine parts subjected to heavy-duty work. In hardening process steel is heated to a temperature within the hardening range, which is 30 degrees C to 50 degrees C above the higher critical point for hypereutectoid steels and by the same amount above the lower critical point for hypereutectoid steels, holding it at that temperature for sufficient time to allow it to attain austenitic structure and cooled rapidly by quenching in a suitable medium like water, oil or salt both.\r\n\r\nIn the process of hardening the steel is developed in such controlled conditions, by rapid quenching, that the transformation is disallowed at the lower critical point and by doing so we force the change to take place at a much lower temperature. By rapid cooling the time allowed to the metal is too short and hence transformation is not able to occur at the lower critical temperature.\r\n\r\nThe process of hardening consists of\r\n\r\n(a) heating the metal to a temperature from 30 to 50\u00b0C above the upper critical point for hypoeutectoid steels and by the same temperature above the lower critical point for hypereutectoid steels.\r\n(b) keeping the metal at this temperature for a considerable time, depending upon its thickness.\r\n(c) quenching (cooling suddenly) in a suitable cooling medium like water, oil or brine.\r\nTempering\r\nA hardened steel piece, due to martensitic structure, is extremely hard and brittle, due to which it is found unsuitable for most practical purposes. So a subsequent treatment is required to obtain a desired degree of toughness at the cost of some strength and hardness to make it suitable for use. It is especially true in the case of the tools. This is exactly what is mainly aimed at through the tempering of steel. This process enables the transformation of some martensite into ferrite and cementite. The exact amount of martensite transformed into ferrite plus cementite will depend upon the temperature to which the metal is reheated and the time allowed for the transformation.\r\n\r\nThe process involves reheating the hardened steel to a temperature below the lower critical temperature, holding it at that temperature for sufficient time and then cooling it slowly down to room temperature.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhen the hardened steel is reheated to a temperature between 100 deg C to 200 deg C some of the interstitial carbon is precipitated out from martensite to form a carbide called epsilon carbide. This leads to the restoration of the BCC structure in the matrix. Further heating to between 200 deg C 400 deg C enables the structure to transform to ferrite plus cementite. Further heating to between 400 deg C and 550 deg C leads to the nucleation and growth of a new ferrite structure, rendering the metal weaker but more ductile. If steel is heated above 550 deg C the cementite becomes spheroidised, and if heating is continued even beyond the structure will revert back to the stable martensite. As such, if a good impact strength is desired reheating should not extend beyond 300 deg to 350 deg C. The section thickness of the components being treated also has a decisive effect on the results. Heavy components and thicker sections required longer tempering times then the lighter and thinner ones.\r\n\r\n\r\nSurface hardening or case hardening.\r\nIn many engineering applications, it is desirable that a steel being used should have a hardened surface to resist wear and tear. At the same time, it should have soft and tough interior or core so that it is able to absorb any shocks, etc. This is achieved by hardening the surface layers of the article while the rest of it is left as such. This type of treatment is applied to gears, ball bearings, railway wheels, etc.\r\n\r\nFollowing are the various surface or case hardening processes utilizing which the surface layer is hardened:\r\n\r\n1. Carburising, 2. Cyaniding, 3. Nitriding, 4. Induction hardening, and 5. Flame hardening.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMaterial Handling Projects\r\nProject Sample report , Final report Download\r\nStructural analysis and Design 3d Model Projects\r\nMachine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Heat treatment Processes  : Types , Purpose , Classification","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/annealing-300x238.jpg","height":238,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-fluid-coupling/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/fluid-coupling-parts-diagram-273x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Fluid Coupling &#8211; Working, Diagram, parts, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-fluid-coupling/">Fluid Coupling &#8211; Working, Diagram, parts, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Construction and Working Of Fluid Coupling
Introduction To Fluid Coupling:  It is a device for transmitting rotation between shafts by means of the acceleration and deceleration of a hydraulic...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-fluid-coupling/" aria-label="View Post: Fluid Coupling &#8211; Working, Diagram, parts, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fluid Coupling &#8211; Working, Diagram, parts, Advantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/construction-and-working-of-fluid-coupling\/","articleBody":"Construction and Working Of Fluid Coupling\r\nIntroduction To Fluid Coupling:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is a device for transmitting rotation between shafts by means of the acceleration and deceleration of a hydraulic fluid (such as oil). Also known as hydraulic coupling. Structurally, a fluid coupling consists of an impeller on the input or driving shaft and a runner on the output or driven shaft. The two contain the fluid. Impeller and runner are bladed rotors, the impeller acting as a pump and the runner reacting as a turbine. Basically, the impeller accelerates the fluid from near its axis, at which the tangential component of absolute velocity is low, to near its periphery, at which the tangential component of absolute velocity is high. This increase in velocity represents an increase in kinetic energy. The fluid mass emerges at high velocity from the impeller, impinges on the runner blades, gives up its energy, and leaves the runner at low velocity.\r\nFluid Coupling Diagram :\u00a0\r\nfluid coupling parts diagram\r\nParts Of Fluid Coupling:\r\nFluid coupling or hydraulic coupling is used as clutches in cars employing automatic transmissions. It consists of two members, the driving and driven as shown in fig. The driving member is attached to the engine flywheel and the driven member to the transmission shaft. The two members do not have any direct contact with each other. The driven member is free to slide on splines on the transmission shaft. The two rotors are always filled with oil.\r\n\r\nA fluid coupling consists of three components, plus the hydraulic fluid:\r\n\r\n \tThe housing, also known as the shell (which must have an oil-tight seal around the drive shafts), contains the fluid and turbines.\r\n\r\nTwo turbines (fan-like components):\r\n\r\n \tOne connected to the input shaft; known as the pump or impeller, primary wheel input turbine\r\n \tThe other connected to the output shaft, known as the turbine, output turbine, secondary wheel or runner\r\n\r\nWorking Of Fluid Coupling:\r\n\r\n\r\nWhen the crankshaft rotates, the driving member or impeller also rotates. The driving member is filled with oil and the centrifugal force causes the oil to be forced outward radially. As a result of this, the driven member or turbine is forced to rotate. Thus the engine power is transmitted from crankshaft to the transmission shaft.\r\n\r\nAs the engine speed increases, the thrown out oil from the driving member strikes the driven member with greater force and tends the driven member to rotate at the same speed, becoming one unit by means of oil film which combines both the members. As the engine speed falls down, the oil film between the driving and driven members is broken away and the members are disengaged.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nConstruction and Working Of Fluid Coupling\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe driving turbine, known as the 'pump, is rotated by the prime mover, which is typically an internal combustion engine or electric motor. The impeller's motion imparts both outwards linear and rotational motion to the fluid.\r\n \tThe hydraulic fluid is directed by the 'pump' whose shape forces the flow in the direction of the 'output turbine'.\r\n \tHere, any difference in the angular velocities of the 'input stage' and 'output stage' result in a net force on the 'output turbine' causing a torque; thus causing it to rotate in the same direction as the pump.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe motion of the fluid is effectively toroidal - traveling in one direction on paths that can be visualized as being on the surface of a torus:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tIf there is a difference between input and output angular velocities the motion has a component which is circular (i.e. round the rings formed by sections of the torus).\u00a0\r\n \tIf the input and output stages have identical angular velocities there is no net centripetal force - and the motion of the fluid is circular and co-axial with the axis of rotation (i.e. round the edges of a torus), there is no flow of fluid from one turbine to the other.\r\n\r\nDifference Between Torque Converter and Fluid Coupling\u00a0\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr . no.Torque converterFluid coupling\n\n\n\n\n\t1.The main components are the pump, stator, and turbine.The main components are impeller and runner.\n\n\n\t2.It is a torque multiplication unit.It is simply a means to connect driving and driven members.\n\n\n\t3.The turbine blades are inclined to have pitch.Blades are merely fins.\n\n\n\t4.It acts as an automatic clutch and serves the purpose of an automatic gearbox to increase torque.It serves the purpose of an automatic clutch.\n\n\n\t5.It is not as efficient as fluid coupling at highway speeds but is slightly more efficient under load.It is efficient at highway speeds.\n\n\n\t6.It is usually used in conjunction with automatic clutch (mostly fluid flywheel) to eliminate the slight loss of efficiency at highway speeds.It is not assisted by a friction clutch.\n\n\n\t7.It never locks up and the flow of oil never stops but continues.Impeller and runner are locked up and movement of oil stops during engagement when centrifugal force is approximately the same on both members.\n\n\n\n\r\nAdvantages of Fluid Coupling :\u00a0\r\nthe following are the advantages of fluid coupling\r\n\r\n \tControlled start-up speed without shock loading of the power transmission system\r\n \tThere is no mechanical contact between the driving shaft and the driven shaft (or between the pump wheel and turbine wheel). Hence there is no frictional wearing of them.\r\n \tPower transmission is smooth. Motor or engine starts unloaded.\r\n \tFluid coupling can dampen shock loads. Fluid coupling can run smoothly even in extreme conditions.\r\n \tThe power transmission is free from vibration. There is no chance of vibration noises when power transmitted from the vibrating engine to the driven shaft by using a fluid coupling.\r\n \tFluid coupling can be used in both vertical and horizontal applications. \r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Fluid Coupling :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThere is always a slip. There is always a slight difference in the speed of the pump wheel and turbine wheel\r\n \tThe fluid-filled in casing must be compatible with the coupling component, it directly affects the transmission behavior of the fluid coupling.\r\n \tFluid coupling cannot develop torque when the driving shaft and driven shaft are rotating in the same angular velocity.\r\n \tUnder stalling condition, the coupling dissipates energy as heat it may lead to damage.\r\n\r\nApplication of Fluid Coupling:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tUsed For industrial application where heavy starting torque or inertia is needed under constant cyclic Loading.\r\n \tAutomobile: Mainly used in the automobile sector in semi Automatic or Fully Automatic Transmission system:-In automotive applications, the pump typically is connected to the flywheel of the engine\u2014in fact, the coupling's enclosure may be part of the flywheel proper, and thus is turned by the engine's crankshaft. The turbine is connected to the input shaft of the transmission. While the transmission is in gear, as engine speed increases torque is transferred from the engine to the input shaft by the motion of the fluid, propelling the vehicle. In this regard, the behavior of the fluid coupling strongly resembles that of a mechanical clutch driving a manual transmission.\r\n \tAeronautical applications\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead also: \r\n\r\n \tWhat is Fluid Flywheel | Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n \tTorque Converter- Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Application\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Fluid Coupling &#8211; Working, Diagram, parts, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-03-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 12, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/fluid-coupling-parts-diagram-273x300.jpg","height":300,"width":273},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/line-and-staff-authority-types-of-staff-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/line-staff-authority-decentralization-1-728-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Line and Staff Authority &#8211; Types Of Staff , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/line-and-staff-authority-types-of-staff-advantages/">Line and Staff Authority &#8211; Types Of Staff , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Line and Staff Authority - Types Of Staff , Advantages
LINE AND STAFF AUTHORITY
In an organization, the line authority flows from top to bottom and the staff authority is exercised by the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/line-and-staff-authority-types-of-staff-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Line and Staff Authority &#8211; Types Of Staff , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Line and Staff Authority &#8211; Types Of Staff , Advantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/line-and-staff-authority-types-of-staff-advantages\/","articleBody":"Line and Staff Authority - Types Of Staff , Advantages\r\nLINE AND STAFF AUTHORITY\r\nIn an organization, the line authority flows from top to bottom and the staff authority is exercised by the specialists over the line managers who advise them on important matters. These specialists stand ready with their specialty to serve line mangers as and when their services are called for, to collect information and to give help which will enable the line officials to carry out their activities better. The staff officers do not have any power of command in the organization as they are employed to provide expert advice to the line officers. The 'line' maintains discipline and stability; the 'staff' provides expert information. The line gets out the production, the staffs carries on the research, planning, scheduling, establishing of standards and recording of performance. The authority by which the staff performs these functions is\r\ndelegated by the line and the performance must be acceptable to the line before action is taken.\r\n\r\nThe following figure depicts the line and staff authority:\r\nTypes of Staff\r\nThe staff position established as a measure of support for the line managers may take the following forms:\r\n1. Personal Staff: Here the staff official is attached as a personal assistant or adviser to the line manager. For example, Assistant to managing director.\r\n2. Specialized Staff: Such staff acts as the fountainhead of expertise in specialized areas like R &amp; D, personnel, accounting etc.\r\n3. General Staff: This category of staff consists of a set of experts in different areas who are meant to advise and assist the top management on matters called for expertise. For example, Financial advisor, technical advisor etc.\r\nFeatures of line and staff organization\r\n\u2022 Under this system, there are line officers who have authority and command over the subordinates and are accountable for the tasks entrusted to them. The staff officers are specialists who offer expert advice to the line officers to perform their tasks efficiently.\r\n\u2022 Under this system, the staff officers prepare the plans and give advice to the line officers and the line officers execute the plan with the help of workers.\r\n\u2022 The line and staff organization is based on the principle of specialization.\r\n\r\nline-staff-authority\r\nAdvantages\r\n\u2022 It brings expert knowledge to bear upon management and operating problems. Thus, the line managers get the benefit of specialized knowledge of staff specialists at various levels.\r\n\u2022 The expert advice and guidance given by the staff officers to the line officers benefit the entire organization.\r\n\u2022 As the staff officers look after the detailed analysis of each important managerial activity, it relieves the line managers of the botheration of concentrating on specialized functions.\r\n\u2022 Staff specialists help the line managers in taking better decisions by providing expert advice. Therefore, there will be sound managerial decisions under this system.\r\n\u2022 It makes possible the principle of undivided responsibility and authority, and at the same time permits staff specialization. Thus, the organization takes advantage of functional organization while maintaining the unity of command.\r\n\u2022 It is based upon planned specialization.\r\n\u2022 Line and staff organization has greater flexibility, in the sense that new specialized activities can be added to the line activities without disturbing the line procedure.\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\u2022 Unless the duties and responsibilities of the staff members are clearly indicated by charts and manuals, there may be considerable confusion throughout the organization as to the functions and positions of staff members with relation to the line supervisors.\r\n\u2022 There is generally a conflict between the line and staff executives. The line managers feel that staff specialists do not always give right type of advice, and staff officials generally complain that their advice is not properly attended to.\r\n\u2022 Line managers sometimes may resent the activities of staff members, feeling that prestige and influence of line managers suffer from the presence of the specialists.\r\n\u2022 The staff experts may be ineffective because they do not get the authority to implement their recommendations.\r\n\u2022 This type of organization requires the appointment of large number of staff officers or experts in addition to the line officers. As a result, this system becomes quite expensive.\r\n\u2022 Although expert information and advice are available, they reach the workers through the officers and thus run the risk of misunderstanding and misinterpretation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nProject Sample report , Final report Download\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Line and Staff Authority &#8211; Types Of Staff , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-12-26","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 16, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/line-staff-authority-decentralization-1-728-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=12">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=11"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>11</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=12"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>12</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>13</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=14"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>14</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=15"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>15</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=14">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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