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Mechanical Engineering Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/manually-operated-biogas-filling/">Manually Operated Biogas Filling  Machine &#8211; Mechanical Engineering Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Manually Operated Biogas Filling  Machine - Mechanical Engineering Project  Introduction to Project  Ever since the industrial revolutions human have been dependent on fuels for automobiles,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/manually-operated-biogas-filling/" aria-label="View Post: Manually Operated Biogas Filling  Machine &#8211; Mechanical Engineering Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Manually Operated Biogas Filling  Machine &#8211; Mechanical Engineering Project","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/manually-operated-biogas-filling\/","articleBody":"Manually Operated Biogas Filling \u00a0Machine - Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n\r\n\r\nIntroduction to Project\r\n\r\nEver since the industrial revolutions human have been dependent on fuels for automobiles, cooking such as petrol, diesel LPG,CNG or biogas etc. in order to make their lives easier unfortunately in doing so; there have been several unforeseen side effects so we need to utilize new alternative fuels in automobiles cooking as stock of conventional fuels are very limited &amp;it is diminishing day by day so need make a new concept for storing conventional or non conventional fuel or gas.\r\n\r\n\r\nSo we make our new concept \u201cManually Operated Biogas Filling\u00a0 Machine\u201d in these concept we filled biogas in cylinder using manual power very easily.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The shortage of LPG Is very big problem now a days again the supply of LPG cylinders is intermitted\u00a0 and insufficient and seriousness\u00a0 of situation can be explain by long quos of cylinder in both rural and urban areas so we have needed to overcome the problem .\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 So use of biogas is good alternative for LPG. it is very competitive fuel now a days. We are replacing LPG with biogas at least\u00a0 in rural areas still\u00a0 its use is limited .the main problem with biogas is its storages and transportation. Biogas is produced in\u00a0 digester and stores there itself so that it can utilize in near vicinity this does not give any flexibility to use of biogas away from its production point it is again seen that India country have base of farming. the farmer having their cattle in the farm and live villages. this put limitations on using biogas for cooking purpose.\r\n\r\nOur project is provided solution for above said problem. At present no technology is available to sore and transportation the biogas ones this gas is available in the cylinder like LPG . it can be used for various purpose. It can be used hot only for cooking but also in water heating, automobile, small electricity generators etc.\u00a0And main used for their machine in rural areas there are no jobs in rural areas. So people are migrating to urban areas. The biogas production and filling station can be done for rural areas. The biogas can be produce in regularly supply. For, rural areas the biogas can be produce in big digesters and can be regularly supply for domestic and commercial purpose this will create employment in rural industries. Bio gas production and filling cylinder is cheap and risk less process. Same project\u2019s can be set up for waste disposal plant in urban areas.\r\n\r\n\r\nFig.\u00a0Manually Operated Biogas Filling \u00a0Machine\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking\r\n\r\nIndia is a big country in term of geographical expanses size and population with the population explosive this popular country is in need of better means of live hood.\r\nOur project brings the problem of better utilization of manpower in the village by reducing unemployment. The revival of village sector brings prosperity in village. We have to pay more attention to the revival and expansion of small-scale industries in the villages and also create more employment opportunities there. Our manufacture and designing of suitable machinery for rural industrialization will help in good production improve productivity more employment. \r\nWorking of our project is based on non-conventional energy a source that is biogas. A non-conventional source of energy of emerging technology, whichhas higher priority with reference to national needs. Energy is an important input in all sector of any country economy. The standard of living of a given country can be directly related to per capital energy consumption. Energy needs a developing country like India is going to increase significantly is foreseeable future is a well-known factor. Hence it is absolutely necessary to plan for this critical input, so that countries development is not hampered.\r\nThe working of our project is based on shaper mechanism. The shaper is a reciprocating machine tool intended primary to produce a sliding motion.\r\nIt consists of a bearing attachment to the driving sprocket. In which turn is connected to the individual crank of piston cylinder mechanism.\r\nThe rotary motion is transferred from one sprocket to another sprocket. On one shaft there are two sprocket mounted which has varying in diameter. From on one sprocket the rotary motion is transferred into sliding motion. To transmit rotary motion bearing is used.\r\nIn using belt and rope drives that slipping may occur. In order to avoid slipping steel chains are used. The chains are made of number of rigid links. Provide a necessary flexibility for working round the driving and driven wheel.\r\nThe motion or power is transmitted to the chain through sprocket, which receive its motion from one individual sprocket. Speed of the motion transfer is depend upon our producing of man power.\r\nAdjustment the length of stroke\r\nThe length of stroke in a crank shape can be adjusted. The sliding block that is square bore is used. On this square bearing is attached by welding. In this bearing 10mm diameter shaft is mounted. Another side of shaft there is another bearing is attached. Bearing is welded to rectangular plate at one side.\r\nAdjusting the position of stroke\r\nIn piston cylinder mechanism piston cylinder is fixed to the structure. The square bar is connect to the piston rod. In this square bar at last position there is horizontal 10mm hole. In this hole we mount the 10mm diameter shaft. This shaft is mount in bearing which has 10mm internal diameter and 26mm outer diameter. This bearing is weld on rectangular plate which has mentioned When a machine is in operation the all motion is transferred depend upon bearing. In order to set the position of stroke there is design of one side crank lever is most important.\r\nEnergy conservation approach \/ Technique\r\nConservation of energy is using energy more efficiently by substituting time. Convenience labor and capital for effective optimization of cost energy today has become an indispensable component of industries.\r\nNatural gas and oil are dominant in energy use and their shortage have caused economic chaos in the past and the recent past and the recent and present gulf crisis have paralyzed economic energy available for future focuses a lot of attention on use of energy efficient equipment adaptation of energy conservation emphasis on maximum conservation of efficiency and maximum cost effectiveness in energy uses.\r\n\"Natural gas has great potential as a motor fuel. It is not only considerably cheaper than petrol and diesel, but is also very favorable for the environment,\" said Dr. Bernhard Reuters berg, member of the E.ON Ruhr gas AG Board of Management and Chairman of the E.ON Gas Mobil Supervisory Board. \"By establishing E.ON Gas Mobil we are sending a clear signal for the further development of this market. At the same time we continue to cooperate with German car makers offering attractive models.\"\r\nThe environmental advantages of natural gas as a motor fuel are to be enhanced further by the use of biogas. The latter is obtained and processed from renewable resources. In a voluntary commitment, the gas industry has pledged to add up to 10 % of biogas to the natural gas volumes provided for the motor fuel market up to 2010. It is thus making a significant contribution towards the reduction of CO2 emissions caused by road traffic. Biogas is suitable as a motor fuel for NGVs without any restrictions. In 2020, enough biogas could be available to fuel over four million NGVs in Germany\r\n\r\nIn manual operated biogas filling station project based on shaper mechanism. It consist of a pedal operation. There is 3 sprocket are used in this structure. Chain is useful to transfer the motion. There is an standard size bearing and shaft are used in this project.\r\nThe designing and manufacturing of viable economic machinery is the necessity of the hour in rural economy. The machine such that its operation should be simple. Its running and maintenance expanses should be very low. It should work with minimum economic input and its depreciation cost is low.\r\nThe machine works on well-known economic and business principle that is minimization of cost and maximization of return.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nAgricultural Project List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nRenewable Energy Sources , Power Generation Projects List - Abstract\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Manually Operated Biogas Filling  Machine &#8211; Mechanical Engineering Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-05-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/ManuallyOperatedBiogasFillingMachine-300x147.jpg","height":147,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/automatic-gear-changer-in-two-wheelers/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/AUTOMATICGEARCHANGERINTWOWHEELERSE28093PNEUMATICMODEL-300x171.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS – PNEUMATIC MODEL</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/automatic-gear-changer-in-two-wheelers/">AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS – PNEUMATIC MODEL</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS – PNEUMATIC MODEL
SYNOPSIS
The main objective of this concept is used to apply the gear by using automation system in automobile vehicles. This is the new...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/automatic-gear-changer-in-two-wheelers/" aria-label="View Post: AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS – PNEUMATIC MODEL">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS \u2013 PNEUMATIC MODEL","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/automatic-gear-changer-in-two-wheelers\/","articleBody":"AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS \u2013 PNEUMATIC MODEL\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\nThe main objective of this concept is used to apply the gear by using automation system in automobile vehicles. This is the new innovative model mainly used for the vehicles to control the vehicle.\r\nHere we are concentrating to design the automatic gear changing mechanism in two wheeler vehicles by using the electronic devices. This is very useful for the gear changing mechanism in automobile vehicles. By using this we can easily control the vehicle and improve the performance of the vehicle also we can avoid the wear and tear of the gear.\r\n\r\nSee Also\u00a0:\u00a0Project- Automatic Gear Changer Model\r\n\r\nBLOCK DIAGRAM\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\u00a0\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nHere we have two pneumatic cylinders arrangements which are arranged on either side of the vehicle pedal rest for applying the gear. The pneumatic cylinder is fixed at the end of the flat pedal rest. The plate rest has pivot at the center. The cylinders are operated with the help of electric power supply and it is controlled by the control unit. One of the cylinders is used to apply the gear and another one\r\nfor reducing the gears. The gears are applied on the vehicle depending up on the speed of the vehicle. The speed sensors are placed near the wheel the sensor sense the signal and give the output signal to the control unit. For this purpose, here we are using a tape motor with a U slot sensor such that the speed can be varied through the tape motor. Depending up on the signal the clutch and gears will automatically changed with the help of the control unit.\r\nWhen the vehicle speed increases automatically the clutch and the gear will change in the vehicles. The arrangement is clearly shown in the below diagram.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Automatic method\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 System is helpful for the drivers\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Avoids fear while driving the vehicle\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Quick response is achieved\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Simple in construction\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Easy to maintain and repair\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Cost of the unit is less\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Continuous operation is possible without stopping\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGE\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 We need to alter gear shifter which may increases the vehicles weight and will reduce the drivers comfort.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION\r\n\r\nIt is applicable in all types of two wheeler vehicles.\r\nSee Also :\u00a0Project- Automatic Gear Changer Model\r\n\r\n\r\nDRAWING\r\nFOR AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS \u2013 PNEUMATIC\r\nMODEL\r\n\r\nSee More Projects On automatic gear shifting \u00a0:\r\n\r\n\u00a01.\u00a0Automatic Gear changer in Two Wheeler with\u00a0pneumatic Cylinder\r\n\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/2015\/05\/automatic-gear-changer-in-two-wheelers.html\r\n\u00a02.\u00a0Automatic gear changer By\u00a0D.C. Electronic Gun\u00a0\r\n\r\n\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/2015\/02\/project-abstract-of-automatic-gear.html\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0(Buy Project) AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO AND FOUR WHEELER VEHICLE\r\n\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/2015\/10\/buy-project-automatic-gear-changer-in.html\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0(Buy Project) Mechanical Project On Automatic Gear changer.\r\n\r\n\r\n\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/2015\/10\/buy-project-mechanical-project-on.html\r\n\r\n&#x1f449;See Also:\u00a0Index Of\u00a0Mechanical New Projects , Innovations ,Ideas\u00a0&#x1f449;","headline":"AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGER IN TWO WHEELERS \u2013 PNEUMATIC MODEL","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/AUTOMATICGEARCHANGERINTWOWHEELERSE28093PNEUMATICMODEL-300x171.jpg","height":171,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-heat-transfer/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/typesofheattransfer-300x170.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Modes of Heat Transfer- Conduction, Convection, Radiation</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-heat-transfer/">Modes of Heat Transfer- Conduction, Convection, Radiation</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction Heat Transfer/ What is Heat Transfer?  The heat will always be transferred from higher temperature to lower temperature independent of the mode. The energy transferred is measured in...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-heat-transfer/" aria-label="View Post: Modes of Heat Transfer- Conduction, Convection, Radiation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Modes of Heat Transfer- Conduction, Convection, Radiation","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/","articleBody":"Introduction Heat Transfer\/ What is Heat Transfer?\r\n\r\n \tThe heat will always be transferred from higher temperature to lower temperature independent of the mode. The energy transferred is measured in Joules (kcal or Btu). The rate of energy transfer, more commonly called heat transfer, is measured in Joules\/second \u00a0(kcal\/hr or Btu\/hr).\r\n \tHeat transfer plays a major role in the design of many other devices, such as car radiators, solar collectors, various components of power plants, and even spacecraft.\r\n\r\n\r\nHeat Transfer Mechanisms\r\n\r\n \tHeat can be transferred in three different modes: conduction, convection, and radiation.\r\n \tAll modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature difference, and all modes are from the high-temperature medium to a lower temperature one.\r\n\r\n\r\nHeat is transferred by three primary modes:\r\n\r\n \tConduction (Energy transfer in a solid)\r\n \tConvection (Energy transfer in a fluid)\r\n \tRadiation (Does not need a material to travel through)\r\n\r\ntypes of heat transfer\r\n\r\n\r\nConduction\r\n\r\n \tConduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles. Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.\r\n \tIn gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their random motion.\r\n \tIn solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.\r\n \t\u00a0The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the medium, as well as the temperature difference across the medium.\r\n \tWe know that wrapping a hot water tank with glass wool (an insulating material) reduces the rate of heat loss from the tank. The thicker the insulation, the smaller the heat loss.\r\n \tWe also know that a hot water tank will lose heat at a higher rate when the temperature of the room housing the tank is lowered. Further, the larger the tank, the larger the surface area and thus the rate of heat loss.\r\n\r\nHeat conduction through the large plain wall\r\n\r\n \tConsider steady heat conduction through a large plane wall of thickness \u0394x = L and area A, as shown in the figure. The temperature difference across the wall is \u0394T = T2-T1\r\n \tThe rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer\r\narea but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer. That is,\r\n\r\nRate of heat conduction \u221d\u00a0 ( Area) (Temperature Difference ) \/ Thickness\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n \tFourier\u2019s law of heat conduction\r\n\r\nFourier\u2019s law of conduction of heat is expressed as\r\n\r\nQ \u221d A \u00d7 (dt \/ dx)\r\n\r\nWhere,\r\nQ = heat flow through a body per unit time (in watts W)\r\nA = Surface area of heat flow m2,\r\ndt = Temperature difference in oC or K\r\ndx = Thickness of the body in the direction of flow, m.\r\n\r\nHence, we can express the Heat Conduction formula by\r\n\r\nQ = \u2013 k \u00d7 A (dt \/ dx)\r\n\r\nWhere\r\n\r\nk = thermal conductivity of the body and it is a Constant of proportionality\r\n\r\nHeat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature, and the temperature gradient becomes negative when temperature decreases with increasing x. The negative sign in Eq. ensures that heat transfer in the positive x-direction is a positive quantity.\r\nFactors affecting the conduction of heat:-\r\ni)The cross-sectional area of the rod (A)\r\nii)The temperature difference between the two surfaces of the conductor (\u03b81- \u03b82)\r\niii) Time for which heat flows. (t)\r\niv)Distance between two surfaces. (d)\r\nApplications of conduction-\r\n1. Fins provided on a motorcycle engine\r\n2. Electric fuse cut off\r\n3. Electric heater\r\n4. Carbonization of coal\r\n5. Melting of iron in a blast furnace\r\n6. Fission reactions in nuclear fuel rods of nuclear reactors.\r\n7. Electrical wiring in housing\r\n8. Electric discharge machining in manufacturing\r\nTypical units of measure for conductive heat transfer are:\r\nPer unit area (for a given thickness)\r\nMetric (SI): \u00a0Watt per square meter (W\/m)\r\n\r\nOverall\u00a0\r\nMetric (SI) : \u00a0Watt (W) \u00a0or kilowatts (kW)\r\n\r\n\r\nThermal Conductivity\r\n\r\n \tThe thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit area per unit temperature difference.\r\n \tThe thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat.\r\n \tA high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the material is a good heat conductor, and a low value indicates that the material is a poor heat conductor or insulator.\r\n \tNote that materials such as copper and silver that are good electrical conductors are also good heat conductors, and have high values of thermal conductivity.\r\n \tMaterials such as rubber, wood, and styrofoam are poor conductors of heat and have low conductivity values.\r\n\r\n\r\nConvection\r\n\r\n\r\n \tConvection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.\r\n \tThe faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.\r\n \t\u00a0The presence of bulk motion of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid, but it also complicates the determination of heat transfer rates.\r\n \tConsider the cooling of a hot block by blowing cool air over its top surface (Figure).\r\n\r\nheat transfer by convection\r\n\r\n \tFor example, in the absence of a fan, heat transfer from the surface of the hot block in the figure will be by natural convection since any motion in the air, in this case, will be due to the rise of the warmer (and thus lighter) air near the surface and the fall of the cooler (and thus heavier) air to fill its place.\r\n \tHeat transfer between the block and the surrounding air will be by conduction if the temperature difference between the air and the block is not large enough to overcome the resistance of air to movement and thus to initiate natural convection currents.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tEnergy is first transferred to the air layer adjacent to the block by conduction.\r\n \tThis energy is then carried away from the surface by convection, that is, by the combined effects of conduction within the air that are due to the random motion of air molecules and the bulk or macroscopic motion of the air that removes the heated air near the surface and replaces it by the cooler air.\r\n\r\nTypes of Convection:\r\n\r\n \tForced Convection- Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind.\r\n \tNatural or Free Convection- In contrast, convection is called natural (or free) convection if the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the variation of temperature in the fluid (Figure)\r\n\r\nforced and free convection\r\nConvection Formula :\r\nThe rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by Newton\u2019s law of cooling as,\r\n\r\nQ = hA ( Ts - T\u221e)\r\n\r\nWhere,\r\n\r\nh is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W\/m^2 \u00b0C.\r\nA is the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place.\r\nTs is the surface temperature\r\nT\u221e is the\u00a0temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.\r\n\r\nThe convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a property of the fluid. It is an experimentally determined parameter whose value depends on all the variables influencing convection such as the surface geometry, the nature of fluid motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.\r\n\r\nUnits of measure for the rate of convective heat transfer are:\r\nMetric (SI) : Watt (W) or kilowatts (kW)\r\n\r\nApplications of convection-\r\n1. Forced Convection is used to cool down the headed plate.\r\n2. Forced Convection is used to cool down the heated engine of the vehicle.\r\n3. Forced convection is used to cool down the laptop and supercomputer etc.\r\n4. Forced convection is used to cool down the human body in the summer season.\r\n5. Radiator - Puts warm air out at the top and draws in cooler air at the bottom.\r\nDifference Between Conduction and Convection ;\r\nComparison between conduction and convection are as follows ;\u00a0\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. no. Conduction Convection\n\n\n\n\n\t1.It is the mode of heat transfer from one part of substance to another part of same substance or one substance to another without displacement of molecules or due to the vibrations of molecules.It is the mode of heat transfer from one part of a substance to another part of same substance or one substance to another with a displacement of molecules or due to the fluid flowing.\n\n\n\t2.It is the mode of heat transfer in which fluid particles do not mix with each other.It is the mode of heat transfer in which fluid particles mix with each other.\n\n\n\t3.It occurs in solid.It occurs in liquid and gases.\n\n\n\t4.It governs by Fourier\u201fs law of heat conduction.It governs by Newton\u201fs law of convection heat transfer.\n\n\n\t5.Example: Heat flow from one end to other end of metal rod.Example: Heat flow from boiler shell to water.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\nThermal Radiation\r\n\r\n \tRadiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.\r\n \tUnlike conduction and convection, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium. In fact, energy transfer by radiation is the fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reaches the earth.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nthree modes of energy transfer\r\nThe mechanism of the heat flow by radiation consists of three distinct phases:\r\n1.Conversion of thermal energy of the hot source into electromagnetic waves:\r\n\r\n \tAll bodies above absolute zero temperature are capable of emitting radiant energy. The energy released by a radiating surface is not continuous but is in the form of successive and separate (discrete) packets or quanta of energy called photons. The photons are propagated through space as rays; the movement of a swarm of photons is described as electromagnetic waves.\r\n\r\n2. Passage of wave motion through intervening space:\r\n\r\n \tThe photons, as carries of energy, travel with unchanged frequency in straight paths with speed equal to that of light.\r\n\r\n3. Transformation of waves into heat:\r\n\r\n \tWhen the photons approach the cold receiving surface, there occurs reconversion of wave motion into thermal energy which is partly absorbed, reflected, or transmitted through the receiving surface.\r\n \tIn heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is the form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature. It differs from other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, radio waves, and television waves that are not related to temperature.\r\n\r\nRadiation Heat transfer equation :\r\nThe net exchange of heat between the two radiating surfaces is due to the face that one at a higher temperature radiates more and receives less energy for its absorption.\r\nQ = \u03c3\u00a0 \u03b5\u00a0 Ai\u00a0 Fij\u00a0 ( Ti^4 - Tj^4\u00a0 )\r\nWhere,\r\n\r\nQ = Heat flow rate from surface i to j\r\n\u03c3 = Stephan- boltzman constant\r\n\u03b5 = Emmissivity\r\nAi\u00a0 = area of surface i\r\nFij\u00a0 = Form factor between surface i and j\r\nTi and Tj = absolute temperatures of the surfaces\r\n\r\nThe maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature (in K) is given by the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law as\r\nEb = \u03c3b AT^4\r\nWhere Eb is the energy radiated by the black body, \u03c3b is the Stefan Boltzman constant\r\n\r\nStefan Boltzman constant\r\n\r\n\r\nTerms Related to radiation :\u00a0\r\n\r\nTransmissivity:\r\n\r\nIt is the fraction of energy that is transmitted through the body.\r\nOr\r\nThe ratio of the amount of energy transmitted to the amount of energy incident on a body.\r\n\r\nBlack body: A black body is an object that absorbs all the radiant energy reaching its surface from all the directions with all the wavelengths.\u00a0\r\n\r\nGrey Body: A gray body is defined as a body whose absorptivity of a surface does not vary with variation in temperature and wavelength of the incident radiation. It absorbs a definite percentage of incident energy irrespective of wavelength. Its absorptivity lies between 0 to 1.\r\n\r\nReflectivity:\r\nIt is defined as the ratio of the amount of energy reflected in the amount of energy incident on a body.\r\n\r\n\r\nTypical units of measure for the rate of radiant heat transfer\r\n\r\nMetric (SI) ------Watt per square meter (W\/m\r\n\r\n\r\nExample of radiation: Energy emitted by the sun reaches the earth through radiation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications of heat transfer:\r\n1) Fins provided on the motorcycle engine.\r\n2) Cooling jackets provided in cylinder blocks\r\n3) Radiator\r\n4) Heat carried away by exhaust gases\r\n5) Heat transfer from sun rays into the cabin\/car\r\n6) HVAC system etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nHeat Transfer Notes , Article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nRobotics and Automation - Notes , articles , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Modes of Heat Transfer- Conduction, Convection, Radiation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 26, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/typesofheattransfer-300x170.png","height":170,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/basics-of-energy-various-forms-of/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Energyconservationexmple-300x76.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/basics-of-energy-various-forms-of/">Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation
Definition Of Energy
Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. In practical...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/basics-of-energy-various-forms-of/" aria-label="View Post: Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/basics-of-energy-various-forms-of\/","articleBody":"Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation\r\nDefinition Of Energy\r\nEnergy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. In\u00a0practical terms, energy is what we use to manipulate the world around us, whether by exciting\u00a0our muscles, by using electricity, or by using mechanical devices such as automobiles.\u00a0\r\n\r\nEnergy\u00a0comes in different forms - heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.\r\n\r\nVarious Forms of Energy\r\nThere are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy.\u00a0\r\nFor\u00a0example, the food we eat contains chemical energy, and our body stores this energy until we\u00a0release it when we work or play.\r\n\r\n1)\u00a0Potential Energy\r\nPotential energy is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). It exists in various\u00a0forms.\r\n\r\n2) Chemical Energy\r\nChemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum,\u00a0natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy.\r\n\u00a0\r\n3) Nuclear Energy\r\nNuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that holds the nucleus\u00a0together.\r\nThe\u00a0nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear energy.\r\n\r\n4) Stored Mechanical Energy\r\nStored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force. Compressed\u00a0springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy.\u00a0\r\n\r\n5) Gravitational Energy\r\nGravitational energy is the energy of place or position. Water in a reservoir behind a hydropower\u00a0dam is an example of gravitational energy.\u00a0When\u00a0the water is released to spin the turbines, it\u00a0becomes\u00a0motion energy.\r\n\r\n6) Kinetic Energy\r\nKinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules and sub-stances. It exists in various forms.\r\n\r\n7) Radiant Energy\r\nRadiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy\u00a0includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar energy is an example of radiant\u00a0energy.\r\n\r\n8) Thermal Energy\r\nThermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and movement of\u00a0atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.\u00a0\r\n\r\n9)\u00a0Motion\r\nThe movement of objects or substances from one place to another is motion. Wind and\u00a0hydropower are examples of motion.\r\n\r\n10) Sound\r\nSound is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression\/rarefaction)\u00a0waves.\r\n\r\n11) Electrical Energy\r\nElectrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity are examples of electrical\u00a0energy.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Energy Conversion\r\n\u00a0\r\nEnergy is defined as \"the ability to do work.\" In this sense, examples of work include moving\u00a0something, lifting something, warming something, or lighting something.\u00a0\r\nThe following is an\u00a0example of the transformation of different types of energy into heat and power.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is difficult to imagine spending an entire day without using energy. We use energy to light our\u00a0cities and homes, to power machinery in factories, cook our food, play music, and operate our\u00a0TV.","headline":"Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Energyconservationexmple-300x76.jpg","height":76,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-project-2017/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Mechanicalprojectlistbymechenggs-blogspot-in-300x180.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-project-2017/">Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)  Mechanical Project List 
Browse By Categories :  1) Mechanical Projects Topic Lists | Final year and Diploma...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-project-2017/" aria-label="View Post: Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/mechanical-engineering-project-2017\/","articleBody":"Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)\r\n\r\nMechanical Project List\u00a0\r\nBrowse By Categories :\r\n\r\n1)\u00a0Mechanical Projects Topic Lists | Final year and Diploma students\r\n\r\n2)\u00a0Advanced New Mechanical Engineering Topics List 2017\r\n\r\n3)\u00a0Automobile Engineering Project list\r\n\r\n4)\u00a0Fabrication Projects for Mechanical Engineering\r\n\r\n5)\u00a0Pneumatic and Hydraulic Based Project List\r\n\r\n6)\u00a0Thermal | Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Lists\r\n\r\n7)\u00a0Agricultural Mechanical Project Topics List\r\n\r\n8)\u00a0Mechatronics Mechanical Project topics List\r\n\r\n9)\u00a0Conventional and Non-Conventional Based Mechanical Projects\u00a0List\r\n\r\n10)\u00a0Production Based Mechanical Project topics List\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n11)\u00a0CAD | CAM | CIM | Mechanical Projects List---------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nRefer this for more Projects Full Report and ppt :\u00a0Mechanical Project Concept Discussion","headline":"Mechanical Engineering New 2017 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Mechanicalprojectlistbymechenggs-blogspot-in-300x180.jpg","height":180,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-steam-je/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/steamjetrefrigerationsystem-300x178.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Construction And Working Of  Steam Jet Refrigeration System</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-steam-je/">Construction And Working Of  Steam Jet Refrigeration System</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Construction And Working Of Steam Jet Refrigeration System  If water is sprayed into a chamber where a low pressure is maintained, a part of the water will evaporate. The enthalpy of evaporation...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-steam-je/" aria-label="View Post: Construction And Working Of  Steam Jet Refrigeration System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Construction And Working Of  Steam Jet Refrigeration System","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/construction-and-working-of-steam-je\/","articleBody":"Construction And Working Of Steam Jet Refrigeration System\r\n\r\nIf water is sprayed into a chamber where a low pressure is maintained, a part of the water will evaporate. The enthalpy of evaporation will cool the remaining water to its saturation temperature at the pressure in the chamber. Obviously lower temperature will require lower pressure. Water freezes at 0 deg.C hence temperature lower than 4 C cannot be obtained with water. In this system, high velocity steam is used to entrain the evaporating water vapour. High-pressure motive steam passes through either convergent or convergent divergent nozzle where it acquires either sonic or supersonic velocity and low pressure of the order of 0.009 kPa corresponding to an evaporator temperature of 4 deg C. The high momentum of motive steam entrains or carries along with it the water vapour evaporating from the flash chamber. Because of its high velocity it moves the vapours against the pressure gradient up to the condenser where the pressure is 5.6-7.4 kPa corresponding to condenser temperature of 35-45 deg.\r\n\r\nThe motive vapour and the evaporated vapour both are condensed and recycled. This system is known as steam jet refrigeration system. Figure shows a schematic of the system. It can be seen that this system requires a good vacuum to be maintained. Sometimes, booster ejector is used for this purpose. This system is driven by low- grade energy that is process steam in chemical plants or a boiler.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nsteam jet refrigeration system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIn 1838, the Frenchman Pelletan was granted a patent for the compression of steam by \u00a0means of a jet of motive steam. Around 1900, the Englishman Charles Parsons studied the possibility of reduction of pressure by an entrainment effect from a steam jet. However, the credit for constructing the steam jet refrigeration system goes to the French engineer, Maurice Leblanc who developed the system in 1907-08. In this system, ejectors were used to produce \u00a0a high velocity steam jet (\u2248 1200 m\/s). Based on Leblanc\u2019s design the first commercial \u00a0system was made by Westinghouse in 1909 in Paris. Even though the efficiency of the steam jet refrigeration system was low, it was still attractive as water is harmless and the system can\u00a0run using exhaust steam from a steam engine. From 1910 onwards, stem jet refrigeration\u00a0systems were used mainly in breweries, chemical factories, warships etc. In 1926, the French\u00a0engineer Follain improved the machine by introducing multiple stages of vaporization and\u00a0condensation of the suction steam. Between 1928-1930, there was much interest in this type\u00a0of systems in USA. In USA they were mainly used for air conditioning of factories, cinema\u00a0theatres, ships and even railway wagons. Several companies such as Westinghouse, Ingersoll\u00a0Rand and Carrier started commercial production of these systems from 1930. However,\u00a0gradually these systems were replaced by more efficient vapour absorption systems using\u00a0LiBr-water.\r\n\r\nStill, some east European countries such as Czechoslovakia and Russia\u00a0manufactured these systems as late as 1960s. The ejector principle can also be used to\u00a0provide refrigeration using fluids other than water, i.e., refrigerants such as CFC-11, CFC-21,CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114 etc. The credit for first developing these closed vapour jet\u00a0refrigeration systems goes to the Russian engineer, I.S. Badylkes around 1955. Using\u00a0refrigerants other than water, it is possible to achieve temperatures as low as \u2013100C with a\u00a0single stage of compression.\r\n\r\nThe advantages cited for this type of systems are simplicity and\u00a0robustness, while difficult design and economics are its chief disadvantages.\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nProduction Engineering Notes , article , Interview Que and Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Construction And Working Of  Steam Jet Refrigeration System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-05-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/steamjetrefrigerationsystem-300x178.jpg","height":178,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=321">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=320"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>320</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=321"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>321</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>322</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=323"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>323</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=324"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>324</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=323">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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