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Types, Parts, Working, Operations, Diagram</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/shaper-machine/">Shaper Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Working, Operations, Diagram</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Shaping Machine - Introduction  Shaping is a process of machining a flat surface which may be horizontal, vertical, inclined, concave, or convex using a reciprocating single point tool. A shaping...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/shaper-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Shaper Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Working, Operations, Diagram">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Shaper Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Working, Operations, Diagram","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/shaper-machine\/","articleBody":"Shaping Machine - Introduction\r\n\r\n \tShaping is a process of machining a flat surface which may be horizontal, vertical, inclined, concave, or convex using a reciprocating single point tool. A shaping machine is a reciprocating type of machine tool.\r\n \tThe work is held firmly on the table and the ram is allowed to reciprocate over it. A single point cutting tool is attached to the ram. When the ram moves horizontally in the forward direction, the tool removes metal from the work. On the return stroke, metal is not removed. The ram moves at a slow speed during the forward stroke. But during the return stroke, the ram moves at a faster speed.\r\n \tThough the distances of ram movement during the forward and return stroke remain the same, the time taken by the return stroke is less as it is faster. It is possible by the \u2018Quick return mechanism\u2019. In a shaping machine, a flat horizontal surface is machined by moving the work mounted on the table in a cross direction to the tool movement.\r\n \tWhen vertical surfaces are machined, the feed is given to the tool. When an inclined surface is machined, the vertical slide of the tool head is swiveled to the required angle and the feed is given to the tool by rotating the down feed handwheel.\r\n\r\nClassification Of Shaper Machine :\r\n1. According to the reciprocating motion to the ram:\r\n\r\na) Crank type shaper.\r\n\r\nThe crank and slotted link mechanism of a crank type shaper converts the rotation of an electric motor into the reciprocating movement of the ram. Though the lengths of both the forward and return strokes are equal, the ram travels at a faster speed during the return stroke. This quick return is incorporated in almost all types of shaper.\r\n\r\nb) Geared type shaper.\r\n\r\nThe reciprocating motion of the ram in some type of shaper is affected utilizing a rack and pinion. The rack teeth which are cut directly below the ram mesh with a spur gear. The pinion meshing with the rack is driven by a gear train. The speed and the direction in which the machine will traverse depend on the number of gears in\r\nthe gear train. This type of shaper in not very widely used\r\n\r\nc) Hydraulic shaper\r\n\r\nThe ram of a hydraulic shaper is connected to a piston. Oil at high pressure is pumped to the cylinder of the hydraulic system. As the oil pushes the piston, the ram reciprocates. Hydraulic shapers are high power machines and are used for heavy-duty work.\r\n\r\n2. According to the position and travel of the ram:\r\n\r\na) Horizontal shaper. -\r\n\r\nIn a horizontal shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates in a horizontal axis. Horizontal shapers are mainly used to produce flat surfaces.\r\n\r\nhorizontal shaping machine parts\r\n\r\nb) Vertical shaper.-\r\n\r\nIn a vertical shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates in a vertical axis. In some of the vertical machines provision is made to allow adjustment of the ram to an angle of about 10 degrees from the vertical position. Vertical shapers may be crank driven, rack driven, screw-driven, or hydraulic power-driven. The worktable of a vertical shaper can be given cross, longitudinal, and rotary movement. The tool used on a vertical shaper is entirely different from that used on a horizontal shaper. Vertical shapers are very convenient for machining internal surfaces, keyways, slots, or groves. Large internal and external gears may also be machined by the indexing arrangement of the rotary table. There are vertical shapers that are specially designed for machining internal keyways. They are then called key seaters.\r\n\r\nVertical Shaping Machine parts\r\n\r\nc) Travelling Shaper-\r\n\r\nIn a traveling head shaper, the ram carrying the tool while it reciprocates moves crosswise to give the required feed. Heavy and unwieldy jobs which are very difficult to hold on the table of a standard fed past the tool are held static on the basement of the machine while the reciprocate and supplies the feeding movements.\r\n\r\n3. According to the type of design to the table\r\n\r\na) Standard shaper.\r\n\r\nA shaper is termed as standard or plain when the table has only two movements, vertical and horizontal, to give the feed. The table may or may not be supported at the outer end.\r\n\r\nb) Universal shaper.\r\n\r\nIn a universal shaper, in addition to the two movements provided on the table of the standard shaper, the table can be swiveled about an axis parallel to the ram ways, and the upper portion of the table can be tilted about a second horizontal axis perpendicular to the first axis. As the work mounted on the table can be adjusted in different planes, the machine is most suitable for different types of work and is given the name \u201cUniversal\u201c. A universal is mostly used in tool room work.\r\n\r\n4. Based on cutting stroke.\r\n\r\na) Push cut type.\r\n\r\nThis is the most general type of shaper used in common practice. The metal is removed when the ram moves away from the column, i.e pushes the work.\r\n\r\nb) Draw cut type.\r\n\r\nIn a draw shaper, the metal is removed when the ram moves towards the column of the machine, i.e., draws the work towards the machine. The tool is set in a reversed direction to that of a standard shaper. The ram is generally supported by an overhead arm which ensures rigidity and eliminates deflection of the tool. In this shaper the cutting pressure acts towards the column which relieves the cross rail and other bearings from excessive lading and allows staking deep cuts. Vibration in these machines is practically eliminated.\r\n\r\nRead more: Types Of Shaping machine | Classification Of Shaper\r\nParts Of Shaper Machine :\r\nshaper machine parts\r\n\r\nBase:\r\n\r\nIt is a heavy and robust cast iron body. The base supports the column or pillar which supports all the working parts such as ram, work-table, drive mechanism, etc.\r\n\r\nColumn or Pillar:\r\n\r\nThe column is a ribbed casting of cellular construction. The ram slideways are provided on the top of the column while the table slideways are machined on the front. The crank and slotted link mechanism that drives the ram is contained within the column. The driving motor, variable speed gearbox, levers, handles, and other controls of shaper are also contained in the column.\r\n\r\nRam:\r\n\r\nRam is a rigidly braced casting and is located on the top of the column. The ram slides back and forth in dovetail or square ways to transmit power to the cutter. The starting point and the length of the stroke can be adjusted using stroke positioning mechanism and the down feed mechanism.\r\n\r\nTool head:\r\n\r\nIt is the device which holds the tool. The tool head slides in a dovetail at the front of the ram utilizing T-bolt sand is fastened to the ram on a circular plate so that it can be rotated for making angular cuts. It can swivel from 0\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 in a vertical plane. The tool head can be raised or lowered by hand feed for vertical cuts on the workpiece by its hand crank for precise depth adjustments.\r\n\r\nClapper Box:\r\n\r\nThe clapper box is needed because the cutter drags over the work on the return stroke. The clapper box is hinged so that the cutting too] will not dig in. Often this clapper box is automatically raised by mechanical, air, or hydraulic action.\r\n\r\nCross Rail:\r\n\r\nThe Cross Rail is a heavy casting attached to the column at its front on the vertical guideways. It carries the horizontal table slideways. The cross rail can be raised or lowered using an elevating screw in order to compensate for different thicknesses of work.\r\n\r\nTable:\r\n\r\nIt is made of cast iron and has box type construction. It holds and supports the work during the operation and slides along the cross rail to provide feed to the work. T-slots are provided on its top and sides for securing the work to it. The table is moved left and right, usually by hand, to position the work under the cutter when setting up. Then, either by hand or more often automatically, the table is moved sideways to feed the work under the cutter at the end or beginning of each stroke.\r\n\r\nSaddle:\r\n\r\nThe saddle moves up and down (Y-axis), usually manually, to set the rough position of the depth of cut. The final depth can be set by the hand crank on the tool head.\r\n\r\nTool holders:\r\n\r\nTool holders are the same as the ones used on at engine lathe, though often larger. The cutter is sharpened with rake and clearance angles similar to lathe tools though the angles are smaller because the work surface is usually flat. These cutters are fastened into the tool holder.\r\n\r\nWork holding:\r\n\r\nWork holding is frequently done in a vise. The vise is specially designed for use in shapers and has long ways which allow the jaws to open up to 14\" or more, therefore quite large workpieces can be held. The vise may also have a swivel base so that cuts may be made at an angle. Work that cannot be held in the vise (due to size or shape) is clamped directly to the shaper table in much the same way as parts are secured on milling machine tables.\r\nShaper operations\r\nA shaper is a machine tool primarily designed to generate a flat surface by a single-point cutting tool. Besides this, it may also be used to perform many other operations. The different operations, which a shaper can perform, are as follows:\r\n1. Machining horizontal surface\r\n2. Machining vertical surface\r\n3. Machining inclined surface\r\n4. Slot cutting\r\n5. Keyways cutting\r\n6. Machining irregular surface\r\n7. Machining splines and cutting gears\r\n\r\nshaping machine operation\r\n\r\nMachining horizontal surface\r\n\r\nSet the vice jaws length perpendicular to the ram movement. Hold the job lengthwise parallel to the tool stroke so that the maximum stroke of the tool may be utilized. Hold the appropriate tool in the tool head. Set the proper inclination of the tool and depth of cut. Give cross feed to\r\nthe tool initially by hand till the cut start and then employ power feed. Repeat the above-said procedure.\r\n\r\nhorizontal shaping machine\r\n\r\nMachining Vertical Surface:\r\n\r\nThe tool is fed downward in vertical cutting so swivel the clapper box from the face of the work to be cut. The tool is fed downwards by rotating the down feed screw by hand at the end of the return stroke. On the return stroke the tool swings away from the work and gives clearance, which prevents the work from being scratched. Start cutting from the highest point towards the bottom. Repeat the procedure for another cut.\r\n\r\nVertical Shaping Machine\r\n\r\nMachining Angular Surface :\r\n\r\nIn this shaper machine operation, an angular cut is done at any angle other than a right angle to the horizontal or to the vertical plane. The work is set on the table and the vertical slide of the tooth head is swiveled to the required angle either towards the left or towards right from the vertical position.\r\nThe apron is then further swiveled away from the work so that the tool will clear the work during the return stroke. The down feed is given by rotating the down feed screw. The angular surface can also be machined in a universal shaper or by using a universal vice without swiveling the tool head.\r\n\r\nShaper machine Operation - angular surface\r\n\r\nRead More about Shaper Operation: Operation Performed On Shaping Machine Or Shaper.\r\nShaper specifications\r\nThe size of a shaper is determined by the maximum length of cut or stroke it can make. A standard shaper is usually capable of holding and machining a cube of the same dimensions as the length of stroke. The length of stroke is always the principal dimension, but a number of other details are also required for specifying a shaper fully.\r\n\r\nThe complete specification of a typical shaper is given below.\r\n\r\n1. Length of stroke\r\n2. Maximum horizontal travel of table\r\n3. Maximum vertical travel of table\r\n4. Maximum distance from table to ram\r\n5. Maximum vertical travel of tool slide\r\n6. Length and width of table top\r\n7. Length and depth of table side\r\n8. Power of motor\r\nShaper Machine Mechanism :\r\nIn a shaper rotary movement of the drive is converted into reciprocating movement by the mechanism contained within the column or frame of the machine. The ram holding the tool gets the reciprocating movement. In a standard shaper, metal is removed in the forward cutting stroke, while the return stroke goes idle and no metal is removed during this period. This mechanism is known as the quick return mechanism. The reciprocating movement of the ram and quick return mechanism of the machine usually obtained by anyone of the following methods:\r\n\r\n1. Crank and slotted link mechanism\r\n2. Whitworth quick return mechanism\r\n3. Hydraulic shaper mechanism\r\n\r\n \tSince useful work is done only during the forward stroke of ram, the mechanism driving the ram is so designed that the return stroke is completed in much less time than the forward stroke.\r\n \tThe slotted lever quick return mechanism is illustrated in Figs. a and b\r\n \tThe crank AB (of adjustable length R) rotates with a uniform angular speed. The crank pin B is in the shape of a die block which is free to slide inside the slot in the slotted lever OBC.\r\n \tThis slotted lever is pivoted at O and the other end C is connected to the ram by a short link arm as shown in Fig. (a).\r\n \tWhen the crank AB rotates clockwise from position AB1 to AB2, the ram moves forward from left to right and when it rotates from position AB2 to AB1 the ram returns back to its original position.\r\n \tClearly the time taken to complete forward stroke is proportional to angle (refer to Fig. (b))and the return stroke is completed in less time which is proportional to angle \u03b2\r\n\r\nshaper mechanism\r\nHydraulic Shaper Mechanism\r\nIn a hydraulic shaper, reciprocating movement of the ram is obtained by hydraulic power. Oil under high pressure is pumped into the operating cylinder fitted with a piston. The end of the piston rod is connected to the ram. The high-pressure oil first acts on one side of the piston and then on the other causing the piston to reciprocate and the motion ist5ransmitted to the ram. The piston speed is changed by varying the amount of liquid delivered by the pump. One of the most important advantages of this type of shaper is that the cutting speed and force of the ram drive are constant from the very beginning to the end of the cut. It also offers great flexibility of speed and feed control., eliminates shock and permits slip or slowing up of motion when the cutting tool is overloaded, protecting the parts or the tools from breakage. Another advantage is that the machine does not make any noise and operates very quietly.\r\n\r\nhydraulic shaping machine\r\nShaping Machine Parameter :\r\n1) Feed:\r\n\r\nFeed (S) is the relative movement of the work or tool in a direction perpendicular to the axis of reciprocation of the ram per double stroke. It is expressed in mm per stroke.\r\n\r\n2) Speed:\r\n\r\nIn a shaper, the cutting speed is the speed at which the metal is removed by the cutting tool in a period of one minute.\r\n\r\n3) Stroke length calculation and adjustment\r\n\r\nThe length of the stroke is calculated to be nearly 30mm longer than the work. The position of the stroke is so adjusted that the tool starts to move from a distance of 25mm before the beginning of the cut and continues to move 5mm after the end of the cut. The figure shows the adjustment required for the stroke length calculation.\r\n\r\nshaper stroke length calculation\r\n\r\n\r\nQuestion and Answer on Shaping Machine Click here\u00a0\r\nShaper, Planer, Slotter machine | Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReference :\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shaper\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Shaper Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Working, Operations, Diagram","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 4, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/horizontal-shaping-machine-parts-300x208.jpg","height":208,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/pelton-wheel-turbine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pelton-wheel-runner-blade-shape-design-287x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Pelton Wheel &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Applications , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/pelton-wheel-turbine/">Pelton Wheel &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Applications , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Pelton Wheel or Turbine :   The turbines, a subgroup of rotodynamic machines, are used to produce power utilizing converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. They are of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/pelton-wheel-turbine/" aria-label="View Post: Pelton Wheel &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Applications , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Pelton Wheel &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Applications , Advantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/pelton-wheel-turbine\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Pelton Wheel or Turbine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \t The turbines, a subgroup of rotodynamic machines, are used to produce power utilizing converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. They are of different types according to their specification. Turbines can be subdivided into two groups, impulse and reaction turbines. Moreover due to working fluid used, turbines can be named as steam turbines, gas turbines, wind turbines, and water turbines.\r\n \tPelton wheel, named after an eminent engineer, is an impulse turbine wherein the flow is tangential to the runner and the available energy at the entrance is completely kinetic energy. \r\n \tPelton wheel is preferred at a very high head and low discharges with low specific speeds. The pressure available at the inlet and the outlet is atmospheric.\r\n \tThis type of turbine was developed and patented by L.A. Pelton in 1889 and all the types of turbines are called by his name to honor\r\nhim.\r\n\r\nParts of Pelton Turbine :\u00a0\r\nThe main components of a Pelton turbine are:\r\n\r\n \tNozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement\r\n \tRunner with Buckets\u00a0\r\n \tCasing\r\n \tBreaking Jet.\r\n\r\nPelton wheel parts Diagram\r\n1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement :\r\n\r\n \tWater is brought to the hydroelectric plant site through large penstocks at the end of which there will be a nozzle, which converts the pressure energy completely into kinetic energy. This will convert the liquid flow into a high-speed which strikes the buckets or vanes mounted on the runner, which in turn rotates the runner of the turbine. \r\n \tThe amount of water striking the vanes is controlled by the forward and backward motion of the spear. \r\n \tThe spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction depending upon the size of the unit.\r\n\r\nSpear\r\n\r\n \tWhen the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle the amount of water striking the runner is reduced. On the other hand, if the spear is pushed back, the amount of water striking the runner increases.\u00a0\r\n\r\n2. Runner with Buckets :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tRunner is a circular disk mounted on a shaft on the periphery of which several buckets are fixed equally spaced as shown in Fig. \r\n \tThe buckets are made of cast -iron cast -steel, bronze, or stainless steel depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.\r\n \tThe shape of the bucket is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing wall which is known as the splitter.\r\n\r\nPelton wheel runner, blade shape design\r\n\r\n \tThe jet of water strikes on the splitter. the splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and the jet comes out at the outer edge of the bucket.\u00a0\r\n \tThe water jet strikes the bucket on the splitter of the bucket and\r\ngets deflected through (\u03b1) 160-170\u00b0.\r\n \tArrangement of jets- In most of the Pelton wheel plants, a single jet with a horizontal shaft is used. The number of the jets adopted depends upon the specific speed required.\r\n\r\nmultiple nozzle arrangement for Pelton wheel turbine\r\n3. Casing :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is made of cast -iron or fabricated steel plates. The main function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of water and to discharge the water into the tailrace.\r\n \tCasing is also acting as a safeguard against accidents.\r\n \tIt is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the Pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic function.\r\n\r\n4. Breaking jet:\r\n\r\n \tEven after the amount of water striking the buckets is completely stopped, the runner goes on rotating for a very long time due to\r\ninertia. \r\n \tTo stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the back of the bucket with which the rotation of the runner is reversed. This jet is called as breaking jet.\r\n\r\n5. Governing mechanism: \r\n\r\n \tThe speed of the turbine runner is required to be maintained constant so that the electric generator can be coupled directly to the turbine. Therefore, a device called governor is used to measure and regulate the speed of the turbine runner.\r\n\r\nWorking of Pelton wheel:\r\n\r\n \tThe water stored at a high head is made to flow through the penstock and reaches the nozzle of the Pelton turbine.\r\n \tThe nozzle increases the K.E. of the water and directs the water in the form of a jet.\r\n \tThe jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner. This made the runner to rotate at very high speed.\r\n \tThe quantity of water striking the vanes or buckets is controlled by the needle valve present inside the nozzle.\r\n \tThe generator is attached to the shaft of the runner which converts the mechanical energy of the runner into electrical energy.\r\n\r\nVelocity Triangles Diagram For Pelton Wheel :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe jet of water from the nozzle strikes the bucket at the splitter, which splits up the jet into two parts. These parts of the jet glides over the inner surfaces and comes out at the outer edge.\r\n \tThe splitter is the inlet tip and the outer edge of the bucket is the outlet tip of the bucket.\u00a0\r\n \tThe inlet velocity triangle is drawn at the splitter and the outer velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the bucket.\r\n\r\nvelocity triangle diagram for Pelton wheel\r\n\r\nWhere,\r\n\r\nV1= velocity of jet at inlet\r\nu1= velocity of the vane\/bucket at inlet\r\nVr1 = relative velocity of jet at inlet\r\n\u03b1 = angle between the direction of the jet and the direction of motion of the vane, guide blade angle (Here in this figure it is zero)\r\n\u03b8 = angle made by vr1 with the direction of motion of vane at the inlet, vane angle at inlet (=0)\r\nVw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet\r\nVf2 = velocity of flow at the outlet\r\n\u03b2 = angle between v2 with the direction of motion of vane at the outlet\r\n\u03d5 = angle made by vr2 with the direction of motion of vane at the outlet, vane angle at outlet\r\nPelton Wheel\u00a0 - Efficiencies and Work done\u00a0\r\n (i) The work done by the jet on runner per second = \u03c1 aV1 ( Vw1 \u00b1Vw2 )\r\n\r\n(ii) The work done per second per unit weight of water striking =1\/g ( Vw1 + Vw2 ) *u\r\n\r\n(iii) Hydraulic efficiency,\r\n\r\nhydraulic efficiency of Pelton wheel\r\n\r\n(iv) Mechanical efficiency = shaft power \/ Bucket Power\u00a0\r\n\r\n(v) Volumetric efficiency, = Volume of\u00a0water actually striking the runner \/ total water supplied by the jet to the turbine\r\n\r\n(vi) Overall efficiency, = shaft power \/ water power = P\/ \u03c1gQH\r\nDesign Of Pelton Wheel :\u00a0\r\n1. Velocity of jet at inlet V1= Cv \u221a2gH\u00a0 ........ where Cv = coefficient of velocity = 0.98-0.99\r\n\r\n2. Velocity of wheel where u =\u00a0 \u03c6 \u221a2gH ...........Where\u00a0 \u03c6 is the speed ratio = 0.43-0.48\r\n\r\n3. The angle of deflection is 165\u00b0 unless mentioned.\r\n\r\n4. Pitch or mean diameter D can be expressed by, u= \u03c0DN \/ 60\u00a0\r\n\r\n5. Jet ratio M =D\/d ( 12 in most cases\/calculate), d = nozzle diameter\r\n\r\n6. Number of bucket on a runner Z =\u00a0 15 + D\/2d\u00a0 = 15 + 0\u00b75 m\r\n\r\n7. Number of Jets = obtained by dividing the total rate of flow through the turbine by the rate of flow through the single jet\r\n\r\n8. Size of Bucket: Axial Width, radial length, depth\r\nPerformance and operating characteristics curves of a Pelton turbine :\r\nThe followings are the important characteristic curves of a turbine : \r\n\r\nMain Characteristic Curves or Constant Head Curve - \r\n\r\nThe speed of the turbine is varied by changing the load on the turbine. For each value of the speed, the corresponding values of the power (P) and discharge (Q) are obtained.\r\n\r\nPelton Characteristic - Constant Head Curve\r\n\r\nOperating Characteristic Curves OR Constant Speed Curves\r\n\r\n \tTests are performed at a constant speed. \r\n \tConstant speed is attained by regulating the gate opening thereby varying the discharge flowing through the turbine as the load varies. \r\n \tHead may or may not kept constant.\r\n\r\nPelton Characteristic - Constant speed Curve\r\nAdvantages of Pelton turbine\r\n\r\n \tIt has simple construction\r\n \tIt is easy to maintain\r\n \tIntake and exhaust of water takes place at atmospheric pressure hence no draft tube is required\r\n \tNo cavitation problem\r\n \tIts overall efficiency is high\u00a0\r\n \tIt can be both axial and radial flow\r\n \tIt can work on low discharge\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Pelton turbine\r\n\r\n \tIt requires high head for operation\r\n \tTurbine size is generally large\r\n \tIts efficiency decreases quickly with time\r\n \tDue to high head, it is very difficult to control variations in operating head\r\n\r\nApplications of Pelton Wheel :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tPelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power when the available water source has a relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates. \r\n \tPelton wheels are made in all sizes. For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel and turbine system is designed such that the water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets.\r\n \t There exist in multi-ton Pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad bearing in hydroelectric power.\r\n\r\nSee also :\u00a0Francis Turbine - Diagram, Working, Parts , Advantages, Applications\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nPower Engineering Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Pelton Wheel &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Applications , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 30, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pelton-wheel-runner-blade-shape-design-287x300.jpg","height":300,"width":287},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/types-of-refrigeration-system-classification-of-refrigeration/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TYPES-OF-refrigeration-system-274x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Refrigeration System &#8211; Classification Of Refrigeration</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/types-of-refrigeration-system-classification-of-refrigeration/">Types of Refrigeration System &#8211; Classification Of Refrigeration</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Refrigeration :   Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/types-of-refrigeration-system-classification-of-refrigeration/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Refrigeration System &#8211; Classification Of Refrigeration">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Refrigeration System &#8211; Classification Of Refrigeration","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-refrigeration-system-classification-of-refrigeration\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Refrigeration :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tRefrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature. \r\n \tOne of the most important applications of refrigeration has been the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures. Refrigeration systems are also used extensively for providing thermal comfort to human beings utilizing air conditioning. \r\n \tAir Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odor, and circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space.\r\n\r\nTypes Of Refrigeration System :\u00a0\r\n1. Natural Cooling :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tArt of Ice making by Nocturnal Cooling\r\n \tEvaporative Cooling\r\n \tCooling by Salt Solutions\r\n\r\n2. Artificial Refrigeration\r\n\r\n \tVapour Compression Refrigeration Systems\r\n \tVapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems\r\n \tSolar energy based refrigeration systems\r\n \tGas Cycle Refrigeration\r\n \tSteam Jet Refrigeration System\r\n \tThermoelectric Refrigeration Systems\r\n \tVortex tube systems\r\n\r\n Types of refrigeration system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. Natural Cooling :\r\nIn olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural means such as the use of ice or evaporative cooling. In earlier times, ice was either:\r\n1. Transported from colder regions,\r\n2. Harvested in winter and stored in ice houses for summer use or,\r\n3. Made during the night by the cooling of water by radiation to the stratosphere.\r\n\r\nArt of Ice making by Nocturnal Cooling:\r\n\r\n \tThe art of making ice by nocturnal cooling was perfected in India. In this method ice was made by keeping a thin layer of water in a shallow earthen tray, and then exposing the tray to the night sky. \r\n \tCompacted hay of about 0.3 m thickness was used as insulation. The water loses heat by radiation to the stratosphere, which is at around -55\u00b0C and by early morning hours the water in the trays freezes to ice. This method of ice production was very popular in India.\r\n\r\nEvaporative Cooling:\r\n\r\n \tAs the name indicates, evaporative cooling is the process of reducing the temperature of a system by evaporation of water.\r\n \tThe water permeates through the pores of the earthen vessel to its outer surface where it evaporates to the surrounding, absorbing its latent heat in part from the vessel, which cools the water.\r\n \tEvaporative cooling by placing wet straw mats on the windows is also very common in India.\r\n\r\nCooling by Salt Solutions:\r\n\r\n \tCertain substances such as common salt, when added to water dissolve in water and absorb its heat of solution from water (endothermic process).\r\n \t This reduces the temperature of the solution (water+salt). Sodium Chloride salt (NaCl) can yield temperatures up to -20\u00b0C and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) up to - 50\u00b0C is properly insulated containers. However, as it is this process has limited application, as the dissolved salt has to be recovered from its solution by heating.\r\n\r\nArtificial Refrigeration\r\nRefrigeration as it is known these days is produced by artificial means. Though it is very difficult to make a clear demarcation between natural and artificial refrigeration, it is generally agreed that the history of artificial refrigeration began in the year 1755, when the Scottish professor William Cullen made the first refrigerating machine, which could produce a small quantity of ice in the laboratory. Based on the working principle, refrigeration systems can be classified as vapor compression systems, vapor absorption systems, gas cycle systems, etc.\r\n\r\nVapour Compression Refrigeration Systems:\r\n\r\n \tVapour compression cycle is an improved type of air refrigeration cycle in which a suitable working substance, termed as refrigerant, is used. \r\n \tThe refrigerants generally used for this purpose are ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur-dioxide (SO2). \r\n \tThe refrigerant used does not leave the system but is circulated throughout the system alternately condensing and evaporating. In evaporating, the refrigerant absorbs its latent heat from the solution which is used for circulating it around the cold chamber and in condensing; it gives out its latent heat to the circulating water of the cooler.\r\n \tThe vapor compression cycle which is used in the vapor compression refrigeration system is nowadays used for all-purpose refrigeration. It is used for all industrial purposes from a small domestic refrigerator to a big air conditioning plant.\r\n\r\nVapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems\r\n\r\n \tThe vapor absorption refrigeration is a heat operated system. It is quite similar to the vapor compression system. In both systems, there are evaporators and condensers. \r\n \tThe process of evaporation and condensation of the refrigerant takes place at two different pressure levels to achieve refrigeration in both cases. The method employed to create the two pressure levels in the system for evaporation and condensation of the refrigeration makes the two processes different. Circulation of refrigerant in both the cases is also different.\r\n \tIn the absorption system the compressor of the vapor compression system is replaced by the combination of \u201eabsorber\u201f and \u201egenerator\u201f. \r\n \tA solution known as the absorbent, which has an affinity for the refrigerant used, is circulated between the absorber and the generator by a pump (solution pump). \r\n \tThe absorbent in the absorber draws (or sucks) the refrigerant vapor formed in the evaporator thus maintaining a low pressure in the evaporator to enable the refrigerant to evaporate at low temperatures.\r\n \t In the generator the absorbent is heated. Thereby releasing the refrigerant vapor (absorbed in the absorber) as high-pressure vapor, to be condensed in the condenser. Thus the suction function is performed by absorbent in the absorber and the generator performs the function of the compression and discharge. \r\n \tThe absorbent solution carries the refrigerant vapor from the low side (evaporator\u2013absorber) to the high side (generator-condenser). The liquefied refrigerant flows from the condenser to the evaporator due to the pressure difference between the two vessels; thus establishing the circulation of the refrigerant through the system.\r\n\r\nSolar energy based refrigeration systems:\r\n\r\nAttempts have been made to run vapor absorption systems by solar energy with concentrating and flat plate solar collectors. Several small solar absorption refrigeration systems have been made around the 1950s in several countries. Professor G.O.G. L f of America is one of the pioneers in the area of solar refrigeration using flat plate collectors. A solar refrigeration system that could produce 250 kg of ice per day was installed in Tashkent, USSR in 1953. This system used a parabolic mirror of 10 m2 area for concentrating the solar radiation. F. Trombe installed an absorption machine with a cylinder-parabolic mirror of 20 m2 at Montlouis, France, which produced 100 kg of ice per day.\r\n\r\nGas Cycle Refrigeration :\r\n\r\nJust as the vapors are used for cooling in the vapor compression cycle and vapor absorption cycle, the gas is used for cooling in the gas refrigeration cycle. When the gas is throttled from very high pressure to low pressure in the throttling valve, its temperature reduces suddenly while its enthalpy remains constant. This principle is used in a gas refrigeration system.\r\n\r\nIn this system instead of using Freon or ammonia as the refrigerant, the gas is used as the refrigerant. Throughout the cycle there are no phase changes of the gas, which are observed in the liquid refrigerants. Air is the most commonly used gas, also called as refrigerant in this case, in the gas refrigeration cycles.\r\n\r\nSteam Jet Refrigeration System:\r\n\r\n \tThis system uses the principle of boiling the water below 100 Degree C. If the pressure on the surface of the water is reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can be made to boil at low temperatures. \r\n \tWater boils at 6 degrees C, when the pressure on the surface is 5 cm of Hg and at 10 degrees C when the pressure is 6.5 cms of Hg. The very low pressure or high vacuum on the surface of the water can be maintained by throttling the steam through jets or nozzles.\r\n\r\nThermoelectric Refrigeration Systems:\r\n\r\n \tThermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junctions of two different types of materials. This effect is commonly used in camping and portable coolers and for cooling electronic components and small instruments.\r\n \t Applying a DC voltage difference across the thermoelectric module, an electric current will pass through the module, and heat will be absorbed from one side and released at the opposite side. One module face, therefore, will be cooled while the opposite face simultaneously is heated.\r\n\r\nVortex tube systems:\r\n\r\n \tIt is one of the non-conventional type refrigerating systems for the production of refrigeration.\r\n \tThe vortex tube is a device that separates a high-pressure flow entering tangentially into two low-pressure flows, thereby producing a temperature change. The vortex tube has no moving parts and generally consists of a circular tube with nozzles and throttle valve. High-pressure gas enters the vortex tube tangentially through the nozzles which increase the angular velocity and thus produce a swirl effect.\r\n \t There are two exits in the vortex tube. The hot exit is located in the outer radius near the far end of the nozzle and the cold exit is in the center of the tube near the nozzle. The gas separated into two layers. The gas closer to the axis has a low temperature which comes out through the hot exit.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types of Refrigeration System &#8211; Classification Of Refrigeration","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 29, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/TYPES-OF-refrigeration-system-274x300.jpg","height":300,"width":274},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/modes-of-gear-teeth-failures-causes-and-remedies/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/modes-of-gear-failure-300x170.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Gear Defects &#8211; Causes and Remedies</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/modes-of-gear-teeth-failures-causes-and-remedies/">Types of Gear Defects &#8211; Causes and Remedies</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Gear teeth Failure Modes - Gear Defects :
Gear is the most essential element of power transmission prefer for short distance. It is a very economical and very effective way of power transmission .it...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/modes-of-gear-teeth-failures-causes-and-remedies/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Gear Defects &#8211; Causes and Remedies">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Gear Defects &#8211; Causes and Remedies","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/modes-of-gear-teeth-failures-causes-and-remedies\/","articleBody":"Gear teeth Failure Modes - Gear Defects :\r\nGear is the most essential element of power transmission prefer for short distance. It is a very economical and very effective way of power transmission .it is used almost all engineering purpose for power transmission. A gear is a machine element designed to transmit force and motion from one mechanical unit to another.\r\n\r\nGear Failure occurs in different modes. Many modes of gear failure are there, for example fatigue, impact, wear, or plastic deformation. Of these, one of the most common causes of gear failure is tooth bending fatigue. Fatigue is the most common failure in gearing. Tooth bending fatigue and surface contact fatigue are two of the most common modes of fatigue failure in gears.\r\n\r\nmodes of gear failure\r\nModes Of Gear Teeth Failure - Types Of Gear Defects :\u00a0\r\n1. Bending failure.\r\n\r\n \tGear tooth behaves like a cantilever beam subjected to repetitive bending stress. The tooth may crack due to repetitive bending stress\r\n \tTo avoid such failure, the module and face width of the gear is adjusted so that the beam strength is greater than the dynamic load.\r\n\r\n2. Pitting.\r\n\r\n \tIt is a surface fatigue failure due to repetitive contact stresses. Pitting starts when total load acting on the gear tooth exceeds the wear strength of the gear.\r\n \tTo avoid the pitting, the dynamic load between the gear tooth should be less than the wear strength of the gear tooth.\r\n \tThe initial or corrective pitting is a localized phenomenon, characterized by small pits at high spots. Such high spots are progressively worn out and the load is redistributed. Initial pitting is caused by the errors in tooth profile, surface irregularities, and misalignment.\r\n \tThe remedies against initial pitting are precise machining of gears, adjusting the correct alignment of gears so that the load is uniformly distributed across the full face width, and reducing the dynamic loads.\r\n \tThis is a major cause of gear failure accounting for nearly 60% of the gear failures. Pitting is the formation of craters on the gear tooth surface. These craters are formed due to the high amount of compressive contact stresses in the gear surface occurring during transmission of the torque or in simple terms due to compressive fatigue on the gear tooth surface.\r\n\r\n There are two types of Pitting. They are\r\n\r\na) Micro Pitting:\r\n\r\nThese are basically formed due to Inherent Errors in the gears Presence of water in the lubricant that is lubricating the gears. Wrong viscosity selection of the lubricant used. Visually, micro pitting is not so clearly visible at the first go. One has to study the surface of the gear tooth to identify the micro pitting. They appear as very small dots that one can feel when he runs his finger over the gear tooth. This sort of pitting normally tends to make the gear useless and damages the whole gear system.\r\n3. Scoring.\r\n\r\n \tIt is a lubrication failure. Inadequate lubrication along with high tooth load &amp; poor surface finish results in the breakdown of the oil film and causes the metal to metal contact.\r\n \tThis type of failure can be avoided by properly designing the parameters such as speed, pressure, and proper flow of the lubricant so that the temperature at the rubbing faces is within the permissible limits.\r\n \tExcessive surface pressure, high surface speed, and inadequate supply of lubricants result in the breakdown of the oil film. This results in excessive frictional heat and overheating of the meshing teeth.\r\n \tScoring is a stick-slip phenomenon, in which alternate welding and shearing takes place rapidly at the high spots. Here, the rate of wear is faster.\r\n \tScoring can be avoided by selecting the parameters, such as surface speed, surface pressure, and the flow of lubricant in such a way that the resulting temperature at the contacting surfaces is within permissible limits.\r\n \tThe bulk temperature of the lubricant can be reduced by providing fins on the outside surface of the gearbox and a fan for forced circu1ation of air over the fins.\r\n\r\nScoring is due to the combination of two distinct activities: First, lubrication failure in the contact region and second, the establishment of metal to metal contact. Later on, welding and tearing action resulting from metallic contact removes the metal rapidly, and continuously so far the load, speed, and oil temperature remain at the same level.\r\n\r\nThe scoring is classified into initial, moderate, and destructive.\r\n\r\nINITIAL SCORING\r\n\r\nInitial scoring occurs at the high spots left by previous machining. Lubrication failure at these spots leads to initial scoring or scuffing. Once these high spots are removed, the stress comes down as the load is distributed over a larger area. The scoring will then stop if the load, speed, and temperature of oil remain unchanged or reduced. Initial scoring is non-progressive and has corrective action associated with it.\r\n\r\nMODERATE SCORING\r\n\r\nAfter initial scoring if the load, speed, or oil temperature increases, the scoring will Spread over to a larger area. The Scoring progresses at a tolerable rate. This is called moderate scoring.\r\n\r\nDESTRUCTIVE SCORING\r\n\r\nAfter the initial scoring, if the load, speed, or oil temperature increases appreciably, then severe scoring sets in with heavy metal torn regions spreading quickly throughout. Scoring is normally predominant over the pitch line region since elastohydrodynamic lubrication is the least in that region. In dry running, surfaces may seize.\r\n4. Abrasive wear.\r\n\r\n \tIt is a surface damage caused by particles trapped in between the matting teeth surfaces.\r\n \tThis type of failure can be avoided by providing filters for the lubricating oil or by using high viscosity lubricant oil which enables the formation of thicker oil film and hence permits easy passage of such particles without damaging the gear surface.\r\n \tForeign particles in the lubricant, such as dirt, rust, weld spatter, or metallic debris can scratch or Brinell the tooth surface. Remedies against this type of wear are the provision of oil filters, increasing surface hardness, and the use of high viscosity oils. A thick lubricating film developed by these oils allows fine particles to pass without scratching.\r\n\r\n5. Corrosive wear.\r\n\r\n \tIt is due to chemical action by the improper lubricant or sometimes it may be due to the surrounding atmosphere which may be corrosive nature. To avoid this type of wear, proper anti-corrosive additives should be used.\r\n\r\nGear teeth Failure Causes and Remedies :\r\n1) Bending failure-\r\n\r\n \tCauses: Every gear tooth acts as a cantilever. If the total repetitive dynamic load acting on the gear tooth is greater than the beam strength of the gear tooth then the gear tooth will fail in bending.\r\n \tRemedies- Module and face width of the gear is adjusted so that the beam strength is greater than the dynamic load\r\n\r\n2) Pitting-\r\n\r\n \tCauses: Surface fatigue failure which occurs due to many repetitions of Hertz contact stresses, failure occurs when the surface contact stresses are higher than the endurance limit of the material. It starts with the formation of pits that continue to grow resulting in the rupture of the tooth surface.\r\n \tRemedies- Dynamic gear tooth load the of gear tooth between the gear tooth should be less than the wear strength\r\n\r\nThe following guidelines should be adopted to minimize the onset of pitting in gear units:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Reduce contact stresses by optimizing gear geometry.\r\n\u2022 Proper heat-treatment (very high hardness increases brittle with low hardness reduces surface strength) of gears. Carburizing is preferable from an economic point of view.\r\n\u2022 Gear teeth should have smooth but hard surfaces to reduce the chance of generation of surface cracks.\r\n\u2022 Use proper quantities of cool and clean lubricant with desired additives.\r\n\r\n3) Scoring-\r\n\r\n \tCauses - The excessive heat is generated when there is excessive surface pressure, high speed, or supply of lubricant fails. it is a stick-slip phenomenon in which alternate shearing and welding takes place rapidly at high spots.\r\n \tRemedies - By proper designing of the parameters such as speed, pressure, and proper flow of lubricant, so that the temperature at the rubbing faces is within the permissible limits.\r\n\r\n4. Abrasive wear-\r\n\r\n \tCauses - The foreign particles of lubricants such as dirt, dust or burr enter between the tooth and damage the form of tooth.\r\n \tRemedies- by providing filters for the lubricating oil or using high viscosity lubricant oil which unable the formation of thicker oil film and hence permits easy passage of such particles with ought to damage of gear tooth surface.\r\n\r\n5) Corrosive wear- \r\n\r\n \tCauses - Due to the presence of corrosive elements such as additives present in the lubricating oils.\r\n \tRemedies- proper anti-corrosive additives should be used.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types of Gear Defects &#8211; Causes and Remedies","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-27","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 30, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/modes-of-gear-failure-300x170.jpg","height":170,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/selection-of-welding-processes-and/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Welding-example-300x224.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/selection-of-welding-processes-and/">Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process
Selection of welding process
A wide range of welding processes are available to choose from. These were developed over a long...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/selection-of-welding-processes-and/" aria-label="View Post: Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/selection-of-welding-processes-and\/","articleBody":"Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process\r\nSelection of welding process\r\nA wide range of welding processes are available to choose from. These were developed over a long period of time. Each process differs in respect of their ability to apply heat for fusion, protection of the weld pool, and soundmen of welds joint the so the performance of the weld joint. However, the selection of a particular process for producing a weld joint is dictated by the size and shape of the component to be manufactured, the metal system to be welded, availability of consumables and machines, precision required, and economy. Whatever process is selected for developing a weld joint it must be able to perform the intended function for designed life. \r\n\r\nWelding processes with their field of applications are given below:\r\n\r\n \tResistance welding: Automobile\r\n \tThermit welding: Rail joints in railways\r\n \tTungsten inert gas welding: Aerospace and nuclear reactors\r\n \tSubmerged arc welding: Heavy engineering, ship building\r\n \tGas metal arc welding: Joining of metals (stainless steel, aluminum, and\u00a0magnesium) sensitive to atmospheric gases\r\n\r\nApplications of welding\r\nGeneral applications\r\nThe welding is widely used for the fabrication of pressure vessels, bridges, building structures, aircraft and space crafts, railway coaches, and general applications besides shipbuilding, automobile, electrical, electronic and defense industries, laying of pipelines and railway tracks, and nuclear installations.\r\n\r\nSpecific components need welding for fabrication includes\r\n\r\n1. Transport tankers for transporting oil, water, milk, etc.\r\n2. Welding of tubes and pipes, chains, LPG cylinders, and other items.\r\n3. Fabrication of Steel furniture, gates, doors, and door frames, and body\r\n4. Manufacturing white goods such as refrigerators, washing machines,\r\n5.microwave ovens and many other items of general applications\r\nThe requirement of the welding for a specific area of the industry is given in the following section.\r\nOil And Gas\r\n\r\n1. Welding is used for the joining of pipes, during the laying of crude oil and gas pipelines, construction of tankers for their storage and transportation. Offshore structures, dockyards, loading, and unloading cranes are also produced by welding.\r\n\r\nNuclear Industry\r\n\r\n2. Spheres for the nuclear reactor, pipeline bends, joining of pipes carrying heavy water require welding for safe and reliable operations.\r\n\r\nDefense industry\r\n\r\n3. Tank body fabrication, joining of turret mounting to the main body of tanks are typical examples of applications of welding in the defense industry.\r\n\r\nElectronic industry\r\n\r\n4. Electronic industry uses welding to a limited extent e.g. joining leads of special transistors but other joining processes such as brazing and soldering are widely used.\r\n5. Soldering is used for joining electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs).\r\n6. Robotic soldering is very common for the joining of parts to printed circuit boards of computers, television, communication equipment, and other control equipment, etc.\r\n\r\nElectrical Industry\r\n\r\n7. Components of both hydro and steam power generation system, such as penstocks, water control gates, condensers, electrical transmission towers, and distribution system equipment are fabricated by welding. Turbine blades and cooling fins are also joined by welding.\r\n\r\nSurface transport\r\n\r\n8. Railway: Railway uses welding extensively for the fabrication of coaches and wagons, repair of a wheel, laying of new railway tracks by mobile flash butt welding machines, and repair of cracked\/damaged tracks by thermite welding.\r\n9. Automobiles: Production of automobile components like chassis, body and its structure, fuel tanks and joining of door hinges require welding.\r\n\r\nAerospace Industry\r\n\r\n10. Aircraft and Spacecraft: Similar to ships, aircraft were produced by riveting in the early days but with the introduction of jet engines welding is widely used for aircraft structure and for joining of skin sheet to the body.\r\n11. Space vehicles that have to encounter frictional heat as well as low temperatures require outer skin and other parts of special materials. These materials are welded with full success for achieving safety and reliability.\r\n\r\nWelding example\r\nWelding Processes and their Applications :\u00a0\r\nApplications of air acetylene welding.\r\n\r\n1. Lead welding\r\n2. Low melting temperature metals and alloys.\r\n\r\nApplications of oxy-hydrogen welding.\r\n\r\n1. Welding of aluminum\r\n2. Welding of lead and magnesium.\r\n\r\nApplications of gas welding.\r\n\r\n1. Oxyacetylene welding is used extensively for joining thin steel sheets.\r\n2. It is also used for welding of dissimilar metals, brazing, braze-welding, silver soldering, metal heating (for bending and forming), and oxyfuel cutting.\r\n\r\nApplication Of Carbon arc Welding :\r\n\r\n1. Carbon arc welding is used to weld both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.\r\n2. Sheets of steel, copper alloys, brass, and aluminum can be welded in this method.\r\n\r\nApplications of SMAW.\r\n\r\n1. Because of the versatility of the process, simplicity of its equipment and operation, shielded metal arc welding is one of the world\u2019s most popular welding processes.\r\n2. SMAW is often used to weld carbon steel, low and high alloy steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and ductile iron.\r\n3. While less popular for nonferrous materials, it can be used for nickel, copper, and their alloys.\r\n4. In rare cases, it is used for aluminum.\r\n\r\nApplications of TIG welding.\r\n\r\n1. Aluminum, magnesium, copper alloys can be welded easily. Inconel, carbon steels and stainless steels can be welded.\r\n2. Can sealing, instrument diaphragms, and transistor cases can be welded very efficiently.\r\n3. Expansion bellows and other delicate parts can be joined.\r\n4. Atomic energy, aircraft, chemical, and instrument industries use this welding process.\r\n5. Rocket motor chamber fabrication welding can be done by this process.\r\n\r\nApplications of MIG welding.\r\n\r\n1. Since temperatures are relatively low, it is suitable for a thin sheet section (less than 6 mm). Examples: Motorcar manufacture, shipbuilding, aircraft engineering, heavy electrical engineering and the manufacture of tanks, pressure vessels, and pipes;\r\n2. It is also used in the fabrication and manufacturing industries.\r\n3. The most common application of MIG welding is automotive repairs can be carried out on several different vehicles whether they are large, small, light, or heavy.\r\n\r\nApplications of plasma arc welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in aerospace applications.\r\n2. It is used for melting high melting point metals.\r\n3. It is used for welding titanium plates.\r\n4. It is used in welding nickel alloys.\r\n5. It is used for tube mill applications.\r\n\r\nApplications of electro slag welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used mainly to join low carbon steel plates and sections are very thick.\r\n2. It is used for welding thick sections of alloys steels and nickel alloys.\r\n3. This process is used for large structural-steel sections such as heavy machinery, bridges, ships, and nuclear-reactor vessels.\r\n4. Forgings and castings are welded.\r\n5. Heavy plates can be welded.\r\n6. It can also be used on structural steel if certain precautions are observed.\r\n\r\nApplications of resistance welding.\r\n\r\n1. Resistance welding is used in mass production for welding sheet metal, wire, and tubes.\r\n2. It is used in welding bars, boxes, cans, rods pipes, and frames metals of medium and high resistance materials such as steel, stainless steel, Monel metal, and silicon bronze which are easy to weld.\r\n3. It is used in welding aircraft and automobile parts.\r\n4. It is used for making cutting tools.\r\n5. It is used for making fuel tanks of cars, tractors, etc.\r\n6. It is used for making wire fabrics, grids, grills, mesh weld, containers, etc.\r\n\r\nApplications of spot resistance welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in joining killed carbon steel, low alloy steel, high alloy steel, titanium, etc.\r\n2. It is used in assembling sheet metal to steel structures.\r\n3. It is used in making cookware and muffler.\r\n4. Other applications include appliances and metal furniture i.e. virtually anything involving the joining of sheet metal.\r\n\r\nApplications of seam welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used to make tin cans, leak-proof tanks, automobile mufflers, gasoline tanks, drums, radiators, household utensils, transformers, refrigerators, evaporators and condensers, automobile bodies, etc. It is also used for welding thin sheets.\r\n2. Circumference weld is possible in rectangular or square or even in circular shapes.\r\n\r\nApplications of Projection Welding :\r\n\r\n1. It is used to make press-tools.\r\n2. This process is more suitable for cross welding of several wires or rods which is commonly used to make wire fencing, shopping carts, and stove grills.\r\n\r\nApplications of flash butt welding.\r\n\r\n1. Butt welding is used in automobile construction of the body, axles, wheels frames, etc. Non-ferrous alloys such as lead, tin, zinc, antimony, bismuth, and their alloys cannot be welded by this method.\r\n2. It is also used in welding motor frames, transformers tanks, and many types of sheet steel containers such as barrels and floats.\r\n\r\nApplications of stud welding\r\n\r\n1. In the automotive industry, the process is used to assemble heat shields, power steering and dashboard components, instrument panels, insulation, exhaust systems, lighting systems, brake lines, trim, and electrical wire routing.\r\n2. In the farm equipment industry, it is used to assemble fenders, orackets, cabs, spreaders, shrouding, thresher teeth, wiring, and hose management parts. It is also used in lawn and garden equipment such as tractors, mowers, and seeders.\r\n3. In the commercial appliance industry, it is used in commercial dishwashers, bottle washers, cooking equipment, and griddle plate assemblies.\r\n\r\nApplications of solid-state welding.\r\n\r\n1. Bonding of stainless steel liners in aluminum fry pans.\r\n2. Ultrasonic and thermo-compression bonding in the microelectronics industry.\r\n3. Friction welding in aerospace and automotive applications.\r\n4. Intake\/exhaust automatic valves.\r\n\r\nApplications of cold welding:\r\n\r\n1. It is used for joining of wire, foil to wire, wire to bi-metals, and sealing of heat-sensitive containers such as those containing explosives.\r\n2. In the electronics industry, cold welding processes are used to seal tin-plated steel crystal cans and copper packages for heat-sensitive semiconductor devices.\r\n\r\nApplications of diffusion welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in the joining of high-strength and refractory metals based on titanium in aerospace and nuclear industries.\r\n2. Diffusion welding is usually used on sheet metal Structures such as nuclear and electronics industries.\r\n\r\nApplications of explosive welding.\r\n\r\n1. This process is applied to the welding of tubes and tube plates in heat exchangers, feedwater heaters, and boiler tubes to clad tube plates.\r\n2. The tubes may be of steel, stainless steel or copper, aluminum brass, and bronze tubes in naval brass tube plates are welded.\r\n3. It is used for manufacturing clad tubes and pipes, pressure vessels, aerospace structures, heat exchangers, bi-metal sliding bearings, ship structures, and weld transitions.\r\n4. It is used to clad thick plates with corrosion-resistant layers where other techniques (e.g. roll bonding) are not practical.\r\n5. It is used in tube plugging.\r\n6. It is used in remote joining in hazardous environments.\r\n7. It is used in fixing cooling fins.\r\n8. It is also used in cryogenic industries.\r\n\r\nApplications of ultrasonic welding.\r\n\r\n1. Ultrasonic welding is used mainly for bonding small workpieces in electronics, manufacturing communication devices, medical tools, and watches.\r\n2. It is used in automotive, medical and toy production.\r\n3. U is used in health care industries due to clean welds.\r\n\r\nApplications of friction welding.\r\n\r\n1. Because of the high quality of the weld obtained, the process is widely accepted in the aerospace and automobile industry for critical parts.\r\n2. In the aerospace industry, turbine blade joining, seamless joining, etc. are produced using friction welding.\r\n3. In the automobile industry, bimetallic engine valve, axle shafts, universal joint yoke, gear hub, etc. are produced using friction welding.\r\n4. In consumer goods manufacturing, it is used for producing hand tools, sports equipment.\r\n\r\nApplications of forge welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in the production of pattern-welded blades.\r\n2. It is used in the manufacture of shotgun barrels.\r\n3. In some cases, the forge-welded objects are acid-etched to expose the underlying pattern of metal which is unique to each item and it provides aesthetic appeal.\r\n\r\nApplications of roll welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in the cladding of stainless steel to mild steel for corrosion resistance.\r\n2. It is used in making bimetallic strips.\r\n3. Roll welding is used to produce sandwich strips to convert it into coins.\r\n\r\nApplications of hot pressure welding.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in the aerospace industry.\r\n2. It is used in plastic welding.\r\n3. It is used for producing medical devices.\r\n4. It is used in shipbuilding,\r\n5. It is used in automotive industries.\r\n\r\nApplications of Thermit welding process.\r\n\r\n1. Thermit welding process is used for welding damaged wobblers and large broken crankshafts.\r\n2. It is used in steel rolling mills.\r\n3. It is used to restore the broken teeth on gears.\r\n4. Joints in pipes, rails, shafts are made in this process.\r\n5. It is used in welding and repairs of large forgings, and broken castings.\r\n\r\nApplications Electron Beam Welding.\r\n\r\n1. Dissimilar metals can be welded.\r\n2. Refractory and reaching metals can be welded.\r\n3. It is used in aircraft, missile, nuclear component, gears, and shafts.\r\n4. It is suitable for a large scale.\r\n5. It is used in cams.\r\n\r\nApplications of laser beam welding.\r\n\r\n1. Thin metals about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm thick can be welded. It includes welding of foils, stents, sensor diaphragms, and surgical instruments.\r\n2. It can joint dissimilar metals such as copper, nickel, chromium, stainless steel, titanium, and columbium.\r\n3. It is very much useful in electronic components welding.\r\n4. It is used in aircraft components joining.\r\n\r\nApplications of friction stir welding\r\n\r\nFriction stir welding processes are mainly used in the following industries.\r\n\r\n1. Automobile: Bimetallic engine valve, universal joint yoke, gear hub, etc.\r\n2. Aerospace: Turbine blade joining, seamless joining, etc.\r\n3. Consumer: Hand tools and sports equipment.\r\n4. Industrial machines: Spindles, tapers, and tools.\r\n\r\nApplications of underwater welding\r\n\r\n(i) Underwater welding is applied in marine applications and the installation of offshore oil pipelines.\r\n(ii) It is also used to apply weld repair on massive ships inside the water.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nIndustrial Engineering Notes , Articles , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 4, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Welding-example-300x224.jpg","height":224,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/couplings-types-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/application-of-couplings-300x177.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Shaft Couplings : Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/couplings-types-working/">Shaft Couplings : Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Shaft Couplings: Introduction
Definition
SHAFT COUPLINGS are used to join together or COUPLE two shafts belonging to two separate machines or components, each shaft having its bearings, and the two...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/couplings-types-working/" aria-label="View Post: Shaft Couplings : Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Shaft Couplings : Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Applications","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/couplings-types-working\/","articleBody":"Shaft Couplings: Introduction\r\nDefinition\r\nSHAFT COUPLINGS are used to join together or COUPLE two shafts belonging to two separate machines or components, each shaft having its bearings, and the two shafts being more or less co-axial. Couplings must transmit both angular rotation and torque.\r\n\r\nShafts are usually available up to 7 meters in length due to inconvenience in transport. To have a greater length, it becomes necessary to join two or more pieces of the shaft utilizing a coupling.\r\n\r\nShaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes ;\r\n\r\n1. To provide for the connection of shafts of units those are manufactured separately such as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or alternations.\r\n2. To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility.\r\n3. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another.\r\n4. To introduce protection against overloads.\r\n5. It should have no projecting parts.\r\nRequirement of a good coupling.\r\nA good coupling should have the following requirements:\r\n(i) It should be easy to connect and disconnect.\r\n(ii) It should transmit the full power from one shaft to another shaft without losses.\r\n(iii) It should hold the shafts in perfect alignment.\r\n(iv) It should reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another shaft.\r\n(v) It should have no projecting parts.\r\n\r\napplication of couplings\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\nTypes of Shafts Couplings\r\nShaft couplings are divided into two main groups as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Rigid coupling.\r\n\r\nIt is used to connect two perfectly aligned shafts. Following types of rigid coupling are important from the subject point of view:\r\n(a) Sleeve or muff coupling.\r\n(b) Clamp or split-muff or compression coupling, and\r\n(c) Flange coupling.\r\n\r\n2. Flexible coupling.\r\n\r\nIt is used to connect two shafts having both lateral and angular misalignment. Following types of flexible coupling are important from the subject point of view:\r\n(a) Bushed pin-type coupling,\r\n(b) Universal coupling, and\r\n(c) Oldham coupling.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA. Sleeve or muff coupling.\r\nIt is the simplest type of rigid coupling, made of cast iron. It consists of a hollow cylinder whose inner diameter is the same as that of the shaft. It is fitted over the ends of the two shafts utilizing a gib head key, as shown in Fig. The power is transmitted from one shaft to the other shaft utilizing a key and a sleeve. It is, therefore, necessary that all the elements must be strong enough to transmit the torque.\r\n\r\nsleeve coupling\r\n\r\nAdvantages and Disadvantages of muff coupling\r\n\r\nAdvantages :\r\n&#x25aa; It is simple, it has only two parts a sleeve and a key\r\n&#x25aa; Since it has no projecting parts hence it is safe to use\r\n&#x25aa; It has compact construction\r\n&#x25aa; It is cheaper compared to other types of couplings\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n&#x25aa; It is difficult to assemble or dismantle.\r\n&#x25aa; Since it is a rigid coupling so it cannot accommodate any misalignment.\r\n&#x25aa; Due to the absence of flexible elements it cannot absorbs shocks and vibrations\r\nB. Clamp or split-muff or compression coupling:\r\nIt is also known as split muff coupling. In this case, the muff or sleeve is made into two halves and is bolted together as shown in Fig. The halves of the muff are made of cast iron. The shaft ends are made to about each other and a single key is fitted directly in the keyways of both the shafts. One-half of the muff is fixed from below and the other half is placed from above. Both the halves are held together utilizing mild steel studs or bolts and nuts. The number of bolts may be two, four, or six. The nuts are recessed into the bodies of the muff castings. This coupling may be used for heavy-duty and moderate speeds. The advantage of this coupling is that the position of the shafts need not be changed for assembling or disassembling of the coupling.\r\n\r\nClamp or split-muff or compression coupling\r\nC. Flanged Coupling\r\nA flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two separate cast iron flanges. Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it. The faces are turned up at the right angle to the axis of the shaft. One of the flange has a projected portion and the other flange has a corresponding recess.\r\n\r\nThis helps to bring the shafts into line and to maintain alignment. The two flanges are coupled together utilizing bolts and nuts. The flange coupling is adopted to heavy loads and hence it is used on large shafting.\r\n\r\nflanged coupling\r\n\r\nThe flange couplings are of the following three types :\r\n\r\n1. Unprotected type flange coupling.\r\n\r\nIn an unprotected type flange coupling, as shown in Fig. each shaft is keyed to the boss of a flange with a countersunk key and the flanges are coupled together utilizing bolts. Generally, three, four, or six bolts are used. The keys are staggered at a right angle along the circumference of the shafts to divide the weakening effect caused by keyways.\r\n\r\n2. Protected type flange coupling.\r\n\r\nIn a protected type flange coupling, as shown in Fig. , the protruding bolts and nuts are protected by flanges on the two halves of the coupling, to avoid danger to the workman.\r\n\r\n3. Marine type flange coupling.\r\n\r\nIn a marine type flange coupling, the flanges are forged integral with the shafts as shown in Fig. The flanges are held together utilizing tapered headless bolts, numbering from four to twelve depending upon the diameter of the shaft.\r\nD. Flexible Coupling\r\nWe have already discussed that a flexible coupling is used to join the abutting ends of shafts when they are not in exact alignment. In the case of a direct-coupled drive from a prime mover to an electric generator, we should have four bearings at a comparatively close distance. In such a case and many others, as in a direct electric drive from an electric motor to a machine tool, a flexible coupling is used to permit an axial misalignment of the shaft without undue absorption of the power which the shaft is transmitting.\r\n\r\nbushed pin type Flexible Coupling\r\nFUNCTIONS OF FLEXIBLE COUPLING:\r\nThe two basic functions of flexible coupling are,\r\n\r\n \tTo transmit power.\r\n \tTo accommodate misalignment.\r\n\r\nTRANSMIT POWER\r\n\r\nCouplings are used primarily to transfer mechanical power from one machine to another so that useful work can be done. To the coupling, the power is in the form of mechanical torque at operating speed, or work per unit of time, so the coupling is being \u201ctwisted\u201d as it is spin at some\r\nhigh rpm. Torque is transferred into and out of the coupling at the equipment connection, usually by shaft fits or flange fits.\r\n\r\nMISALIGNMENT:\r\n\r\nThere are three types of misalignment and which the coupling must accommodate: angular, offset, and axial. This is commonly caused by the thermal growth of the machine casing and rotors as they change between ambient and operating temperatures.\r\n\r\nAngular misalignment is produced when the center lines of the two equipment shafts the coupling connects are not parallel and they intersect at an angle. Offset misalignment commonly called parallel offset, is when the two shaft centerlines are parallel and they do not intersect, they are offset by some distance. Axial misalignment is caused by changes in the axial position of the shafts which move them close to each other or further apart.\r\n\r\nFollowing are the different types of flexible couplings :\r\n\r\n1. Bushed pin flexible coupling,\r\n2. Oldham's coupling, and\r\n3. Universal coupling.\r\n\r\nAdvantages and Limitations of Flexible Coupling :\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n1.Torsionally stiff\r\n2.No lubrication or maintenance\r\n3.Good vibration damping and shock absorbing qualities\r\n4.Less expensive than metallic couplings\r\n5.More misalignment allowable than most metallic couplings\r\n\r\nLimitations\r\n\r\n1.Sensitive to chemicals and high temperatures\r\n2.Usually not torsionally stiff enough for positive displacement\r\n3.Larger in outside diameter than metallic coupling\r\n4.Difficult to balance as an assembly\r\nE. Oldham Coupling\r\nIt is used to connect two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small distance apart. Two flanges, each having a rectangular slot, are keyed, one on each shaft. The two flanges are positioned such that, the slot in one is at the right angle to the slot in the other. To make the coupling, a circular disc with two rectangular projections on either side and at the right angle to each other is placed between the two flanges. During motion, the central disc, while turning, slides in the slots of the flanges. Power transmission takes place between the shafts, because of the positive connection between the flanges and the central disc.\r\n\r\noldham coupling\r\nF. Universal coupling\r\nA universal or Hooke\u2019s coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axes intersect at a small angle. The inclination of the two shafts may be constant, but in actual practice, it varies when the motion is transmitted from one shaft to another. The main application of the universal or Hooke\u2019s coupling is found in the transmission from the gearbox to the differential or back axle of the automobiles. In such a case, we use two Hooke\u2019s coupling, one at each end of the propeller shaft, connecting the gearbox at one end, and the differential on the other end. A Hooke\u2019s coupling is also used for transmission of power to different spindles of multiple drilling machine. It is used as a knee joint in milling machines.\r\n\r\nuniversal coupling\r\nApplication of Couplings :\r\n\r\n \tSleeve and muff coupling - Line Shaft in Power Transmission.\r\n \tClamp or split-muff or compression coupling - Line Shaft in Power Transmission.\r\n \tFlange coupling - For Alignment Accuracy, e.g. Marine.\r\n \tBushed pin flexible coupling - Used to Connect which have small parallel misalignments, angular misalignment or axial misalignments e.g. Automobiles\r\n \tUniversal coupling - Used to transmit rotary motion or power e.g. Aircraft, Driveshafts, etc.\r\n \tOldham's coupling - Useful in applications where parallel misalignment is present e.g. Printing Applications\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTheory Of Machine and Mechanism related Projects\r\nStructural analysis and Design 3d Model Projects\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Shaft Couplings : Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages, Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 25, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/application-of-couplings-300x177.jpg","height":177,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=10">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=9"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>9</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=10"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>10</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>11</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=12"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>12</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=13"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>13</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=12">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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