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class="featured-categories-wrapper"><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/jigs-and-fixture-design1-768x581.jpg')"> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/"><h2 class="card-title">Index of Mechanical Projects</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-768x515.jpg')"> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Mechanical Subjects notes</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CATIA-V5-Surface.jpg')"> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cad-software/"><h2 class="card-title">CAD Design</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/seminar-peristaltic-pump-report-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/partsofPeristalticpump-300x202.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Seminar | PERISTALTIC PUMP</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/seminar-peristaltic-pump-report-download/">Seminar | PERISTALTIC PUMP</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>INTRODUCTION TO PERISTALTIC PUMP  Peristaltic pump is a positive displacement pump, used for a variety of fluids. Fluids include a wide range of viscous materials that cannot be pumped by common...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/seminar-peristaltic-pump-report-download/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar | PERISTALTIC PUMP">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar | PERISTALTIC PUMP","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-peristaltic-pump-report-download\/","articleBody":"INTRODUCTION TO PERISTALTIC PUMP\r\n\r\nPeristaltic pump is a positive displacement pump, used for a variety of fluids.\u00a0Fluids include a wide range of viscous materials that cannot be pumped by common pumps.\u00a0Fluids flow through a flexible tube fitted inside a circular casing.\u00a0The casing has a central rotor on which a number of \u2018rollers\u2019 or \u2018shoes\u2019 are attached.\u00a0The rollers push the fluids through the tube by physically compressing the tube.\r\nThe rollers does not come in direct contact with the fluid, and so it is used where fluids should be clean and cross contamination should not occur.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nPARTS OF PERISTALTIC PUMP\r\n\r\n\r\nDESCRIPTION OF THE\u00a0PERISTALTIC\u00a0PUMP\r\n\r\nBasic structure of peristaltic pump is composed of a composite tube or hose element enclosed in a hollow curved casing. Casing is mainly steel.\u00a0The tube or hose has flanges at both ends for connection to the discharge and the suction lines of the system\u00a0The casing also contains a central rotor that is mounted on a central drive shaft that is supported on its own bearings\u00a0Two or more regularly pressing shoes or rollers are attached to the rotor.\u00a0There are no check valves, seals, seats and glands. The only moving part in the pump is the rotor with the shoes or rollers.\u00a0\r\nWORKING OF THE\u00a0PERISTALTIC\u00a0PUMP\r\n\r\nThe fluid enters via tubing and is contained within a flexible hose or tube fitted inside the pump casing.\u00a0A rotating shoe or roller passes along the length of the hose or tube creating a total seal between the suction and discharge sides of the pump.\u00a0\u00a0The pump\u2019s rotor turns so the sealing pressure moves along the tube or hose forcing product to move away from the pump and into the discharge line.\u00a0\u00a0Where the pressure has been released the hose or tube recovers creating a vacuum.\u00a0\u00a0This draws the product into the suction side of the pump, the priming mechanism.\u00a0Combining these suction and discharge actions results in a self priming positive displacement pump.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES OF THE\u00a0PERISTALTIC PUMP\r\n\r\n\r\n \tNo contamination. Because the only part of the pump in contact with the fluid being pumped is the interior of the tube, it is easy to sterilize and clean the inside surfaces of the pump.\r\n \tLow maintenance needed since no valves, seals or glands.\r\n \tThey are able to handle slurries, viscous, shear-sensitive and aggressive fluids.\r\n \tThe pumps are accurate in dosing, they have a repeatability of \u00b11% and metering capabilities of \u00b15%.\r\n \tSince there are no moving parts they are inexpensive to manufacture.\r\n \tThey are reversible and can pumps in both directions.\r\n \tThey are dry running and self-priming.\r\n\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGES OF THE\u00a0PERISTALTIC PUMP:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tTube life is limited.\r\n \tPulsating flow but pulsations can be reduced by using pulsation dampeners which increase cost.\r\n \tSelection of tubes for the required purposes can be sometimes difficult.\r\n \tPumps require frequent calibration to correlate flow rate and pump speed.\r\n \tCannot pump above 10 meters.\r\n\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nPeristaltic pumps have become a critical and reliable part of processes ranging from chemical transfer to pharmaceutical processing to wastewater treatment. Their versatility and ease of use has helped them meet a multitude of fluid-handling challenges.\r\nPPT Download :\u00a0Peristaltic Pump Presentation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nSheet Metal Fabrication Projects\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nStrength of material- Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Seminar | PERISTALTIC PUMP","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-01-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/partsofPeristalticpump-300x202.jpg","height":202,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/project-compressed-air-and-air-dri/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/compressedairbicycle-300x200.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Project | Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated Bicycle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/project-compressed-air-and-air-dri/">Project | Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated Bicycle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated bicycle.
The basic concept behind this project idea is Compressed Air Vehicle ( CAV ). This is mini project suitable for Diploma Students but If...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/project-compressed-air-and-air-dri/" aria-label="View Post: Project | Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated Bicycle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Project | Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated Bicycle","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/project-compressed-air-and-air-dri\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated bicycle.\r\nThe basic concept behind this project idea is Compressed Air Vehicle ( CAV ). This is mini project suitable for Diploma Students but If further modification is done then could be possible to make this idea more beneficial and useful.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed air operated bicycle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIntroduction to Concept.\r\n\r\nThe basic system is pneumatic system where the compressed air tank is main power source. Compressed air is working medium which renewable, need to fill in tank frequently. This is similar as Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV) but to convert power available in pressuried air can be converted by using Air drills or Friction Drives.\r\n\r\nSee Details of:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nProject | Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nConstructional Details.\r\nPart Required.\r\n\r\n1) Bicycle :\u00a0\r\nA simple bicycle is needed . No modification is necessary in bicycle structure or design .\r\n\r\n2) Air Storage Tank:\r\nTank is\u00a0required\u00a0to store the compressed air, actually air starts compressing in tank itself.\u00a0So tank must be designed by following Design Of Pressure Vessel Standards e.g. ASME\u00a0standards available for boiler and\u00a0Pressure Vessel.\r\n\r\nThe storage tanks , usually circular, are commonly made from made of:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tsteel\r\n \tCarbon fiber\u00a0in order to reduce its weight while achieving the necessary strength (a thermoplastic container surrounded by a carbon fiber shell)\r\n \tAluminium\r\n\r\nRefer Article :\u00a0Design Of Simple Pressure Vessel -Its parts, Classification\r\n\r\n3) Air Drills :\r\nAir drills are the actuators which gives useful rotational motion. The rotational motion is given to rear Tyre of bicycle via frictional contact. Air drills are used for small drilling operations in a workshop, you might have seen in Workshop. Air drills has special grooved circle which helpful for gripping purpose.\r\n\r\n4) Flexible Pipes and Flow control Valve.\r\nFlexible pipes are required to transmit air from tank to air drill .Flexible pipes complete the whole circuit. Flow control valve is used to regulate the flow of air so that pressure can be controlled .Flow control valve's switch must be placed on handle , this will help while braking.\r\nWorking of Project :\r\nThe working is so simple shown in figure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUse Of Air Drill\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed air is stored in tank .Tank is fitted as per convenience , best place is at rear side- On the rear wheel. Air drill is fixed such that it will drive the rear wheel as shown in pic below :\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantage of Compressed Air bicycle\r\n\r\n1) Less muscle power required.\r\n2) Quick action and more rpm\r\n3) Pressure control is easy.\r\n4) Safely braking of bicycle.\r\n5) With fever muscle power could be possible to cover long distance without fatigue.\r\n\r\nLimitations of Compressed Air Operated bicycle \r\n1) Tank weight at rear side .\r\nWhile designing tank we should consider about weight of tank because more weight will need more power to overcome rest condition of bicycle.\r\n2) More tyre wear.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nSimple , Easy mechanical projectsManually Hand Operated projectsAffordable low budget ProjectsMini low cost Projects\r\nSolar Energy , Solar Operated Projects\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Project | Compressed Air And Air Drill Operated Bicycle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-01-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/compressedairbicycle-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/design-of-simple-pressure-vessels/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/examplesofpressurevessels.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design Of Simple Pressure Vessels</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/design-of-simple-pressure-vessels/">Design Of Simple Pressure Vessels</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Pressure Vessel
[caption id="attachment_2752" align="aligncenter" width="294"] Fig. Example of Pressure Vessels[/caption]  What is Pressure Vessels Or Tank ?
Pressure Vessels are...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/design-of-simple-pressure-vessels/" aria-label="View Post: Design Of Simple Pressure Vessels">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design Of Simple Pressure Vessels","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/design-of-simple-pressure-vessels\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Pressure Vessel\r\nFig. Example of Pressure Vessels\r\n\r\nWhat is Pressure Vessels Or Tank ?\r\nPressure Vessels are used to store the fluid e.g. Air, Water, steam under the pressure. For some project design of pressure vessel is very important because \u00a0of safety , avoid bursting. Day to day life you might have seen many types of tanks. This all tanks are designed on the basis of Internal fluid \u00a0pressure required. So, main design criteria is Internal Pressure. There are some other conditions which could affect on design like External pressure, any extra outlets ,gauges ,type of weld joints and type of material used.\r\nDesign Tips For Pressure Vessel Or Tank.\r\n1) Decide the Problem :\r\nFirstly, decide the Internal pressure of air required for your project in bar or psi. If total storage volume is known or required then decide the value of volume, On volume the total length of vessel is depended.\u00a0\r\n\r\n2) Types Of Pressure vessel\r\nPressure Vessels are mainly classified in two types thick and thin cylinder. Designing Pressure Vessels means you have to find the thickness of the pressure vessel. Generally thin tanks are preferred for storage of air.\r\n\r\n3) Pressure Vessel Construction and Parts\r\n\u00a0\r\nShell :A Shell is cylindrical in shape and have dimensions according to internal pressure and total volume of air that need to be stored. Shell thickness is found out by using\u00a0thickness formulas.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nfig. Pressure vessel Shell and end closure\r\n\r\nEnd Closures :\u00a0\r\nPressure Vessel also classified as Open type or Close type. End Closures are used at the end of shell to close the both ends of shell. Types of pressure vessel's end closures are- Hemisperical head, Semi-ellipsoidal head, torisherical head, Conical head or plate type head . Mostly used head is Hemisperical head and plate type.\r\n\r\nFig. Types of end closures and supports\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\nWelding Method :\r\nShell and End Closures are welded by using Single lap weld. According to welding joint the weld joint efficiency is selected.\r\n\r\nSupports:\r\nPressure vessels are mounted either vertically or Horizontally by using supports. Supports are those which hold the pressure vessel on the floor and takes external load acting on tank \u00a0such as wind load, Bending load and seismic load. For Horizontal Pressure- Saddle support or ring supports are used.\r\nFor Vertical Pressure vessel -Lug Support, bracket supports are used.\r\n\r\n4) Material used for Pressure Vessel :\r\nAlloy steel, plain Carbon steel these are commonly materials used for vessel but you can find more specific stranded material on ASME Website.\r\n\r\n5) Stresses developed in vessel:\r\nFailure of pressure vessel (vessel will burst) if ultimate tensile stress of material is less that longitudinal stress and Hoop stresses.\r\n\r\n\r\nFig. Failure Of Pressure Vessel\r\n\r\n\r\n6) Opening To Pressure Vessel :\r\nOpening is needed to fix the pressure gauges, Inlet Pipes and outlet Pipes. Some nut bolts or flanges, gaskets are used to attach the accessories to tank. Many pressure vessel has Safety Valve for safety purpose.\r\n\r\nFig. Opening to Pressure Vessels and types of welds\r\nOther Important things are:\r\n\r\n \tPressure Vessels should be designed for gauge or working pressure. The standard design procedure is not applicable for Absolute pressure.\r\n \tManufacturing of vessel must be done properly.\r\n \tSmall leakage could fail the pressure vessel.\r\n \tWelding must be done correctly, Mostly Vessels fails at welding section only.\r\n \tHandling of vessel should be proper so that it won't damage by Impact Load.\r\n \tMaterial should be selected on Cost and availability.\r\n\r\nThis articles was just introduction about vessel design, If you need detail information about formulas or any other help then you would refer machine design book by Bhandari. If you have any query then ask in Comments..\r\nThank you !\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRobotic and automation projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMachine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download","headline":"Design Of Simple Pressure Vessels","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-01-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/examplesofpressurevessels.jpg","height":172,"width":294},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/project-compressed-air-vehicle-cav/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/compressedairengine-281x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Project | Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV)</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/project-compressed-air-vehicle-cav/">Project | Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV)</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Compressed Air Vehicle ( CAV )
A Compressed air vehicle ( CAV ) is old concept but it becomes important because of hike in petrol prices and increase in pollution. CAV engine works...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/project-compressed-air-vehicle-cav/" aria-label="View Post: Project | Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV)">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Project | Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV)","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/project-compressed-air-vehicle-cav\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Compressed Air Vehicle ( CAV )\r\nA Compressed air vehicle ( CAV ) is old concept but it becomes important because of hike in petrol prices and increase in pollution. CAV engine works on compressed air ,no mixture of fuel is required. So construction of engine may be same as conventional but some modification is needed to compensate the air as fuel fact. Obviously, these engines are pollution free. Air used is freely available in atmosphere.\r\n\r\n\r\nA Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by compressed air. A compressed-air vehicle is powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed air vehicle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHistory :\r\nCompressed air has been used since the 19th century to power mine locomotives, and was previously the basis of naval torpedo propulsion.\r\n\r\nIn 1863,\u00a0Jules Verne\u00a0wrote a novel called\u00a0Paris in the 20th Century\u00a0about a world of glass skyscrapers, high-speed trains, and air-powered automobiles.\r\n\r\n\r\nRecently several companies have started to develop Compressed air cars although none have been released to the public, or have been tested by third parties.\r\n\r\nCompressed Air Engine - Construction and Working :\r\n\r\nParts required :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1)\u00a0Pressure Vessel Tank :\r\n\r\nTank is\u00a0required\u00a0to store the compressed air, actually air starts compressing in tank itself. So tank must be designed by following Design Of Pressure Vessel Standards e.g. ASME\u00a0standards available for boiler and\u00a0Pressure Vessel.\r\n\r\nThe storage tanks , usually circular, are commonly made from made of:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tsteel\r\n \tCarbon fiber\u00a0in order to reduce its weight while achieving the necessary strength (a thermoplastic container surrounded by a carbon fiber shell)\r\n \tAluminium\r\n\r\nRefer Article : Design Of Simple Pressure Vessel -Its parts, Classification\r\n\r\n2) Compressed Air\r\nCompressed air can be taken from compressor. Compressor is device which compress means\u00a0increase\u00a0the\u00a0pressure on air from low pressure to very high pressure. We need to fill pressure vessel tank by connecting\u00a0\u00a0Compressor\u00a0to Pressure vessel.Compressor \u00a0may be of any type ,it doesn't matter a lot but\u00a0preferably Reciprocating\u00a0Compressor should be used.\r\n\r\n3) Flow control valves and flexible Pipe Lining :\r\nFlow Control valve is used to regulate the flow of air so that pressure can be varied according the engine running conditions. \u00a0\u00a0\r\n\r\nPrinciple Of Compressed Air Engine :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed Air Bike\r\n\r\n\r\nThe laws of physics dictate that uncontained gases will fill any given space. The easiest way to see this in action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon holds the air tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in the balloon's surface, the air expands outward with so much energy that the balloon explodes. Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the basic principle behind what makes an air car run on the road.\r\n\r\n\r\nSome types rely on pistons and cylinders, others use turbines. Many compressed air engines improve their performance by heating the incoming air, or the engine itself. Some took this a stage further and burned fuel in the cylinder or turbine, forming a type of internal combustion engine.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOne manufacturer claims to have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient. Compressed air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of system is \u00a0called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0Advantages Of \u00a0Compressed Air Engine\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nMain advantages of Compressed Air Engine (C.A.E.) are:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. Major advantage of using compressed engine is that a pure compressed air vehicle produces no\u00a0pollution\u00a0at the\u00a0tailpipe.\r\n\r\n\r\n2. Use of renewable fuel.\r\n\r\n\r\n3. Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is no need to build a\u00a0cooling\u00a0system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems or\u00a0silencers.\r\n\r\n\r\n4. Air, on its own, is non-flammable.\r\n\r\n\r\n5. The engine can be massively reduced in size.\r\n\r\n\r\n6. The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength light weight material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction\u00a0teflon\u00a0or a combination.\r\n\r\n\r\n7. Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.\r\n\r\n\r\n8. The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged, with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels.\r\n\r\n\r\n9. Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lower maintenance cost.\r\n\r\n\r\n10. The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper than petrol, diesel or biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing air will also be relatively cheap.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0Disadvantages Of \u00a0Compressed Air Engine\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed Air Engine (C.A.E.) has some disadvantages, which are:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. Less power output\r\n\r\n\r\n2. Probability of air leakage.\r\n\r\n\r\n3. Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes immersed in water to cool them down when they are being filled. That would not be possible with tanks in a car and thus it would either take a long time to fill the tanks, or they would have to take less than a full charge, since heat drives up the pressure \r\n4. Biggest disadvantage is the energy needed to compress the air is greater than the energy stored\r\n\r\n\r\n5. At the supply station, compressing the air heats it, and if then directly transferred in a heated state to the vehicle storage tanks will then cool and reduce the pressure. If cooled before transfer, the energy in this heat will be lost unless sophisticated low grade heat utilization is employed\r\n\r\n\r\n6. Within the vehicle, expansion and consequent pressure reduction in the throttle or engine chills the air, reducing its effective pressure. Addition of ambient heat will increase this pressure and this addition leads to a more complex propulsion system.\r\n\r\n\r\n7. Passenger compartment heating is more difficult since the propulsion system does not provide a source of waste heat. Some form of heat pump, or more likely, an electric heater would be required.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications Of\u00a0Compressed Air Engine\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe compressed air engine can be used in many vehicles. Some of its applications to be used as engine for vehicles are:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(a) Mopeds\r\n\r\n\r\nJem Stansfield, an English inventor has been able to convert a regular scooter to a compressed air moped. This has been done by equipping the scooter with a compressed air engine and air tank.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(b) Buses\r\n\r\n\r\nMDI makes MultiCATs vehicle that can be used as buses or trucks. RATP has also already expressed an interest in the compressed-air pollution-free bus.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(c) Locomotives\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed air locomotives have been historically used as mining locomotives and in various areas.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(d) Trams\r\n\r\n\r\nVarious compressed-air-powered trams were trialed, starting in 1876 and has been successfully implemented in some cases.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(e) Watercraft and aircraft\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCurrently, no water or air vehicles exist that make use of the air engine. Historically compressed air engines propelled certain torpedoes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCompressed air bicycle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRobotic and automation projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nBest Low Cost Mechanical Projects\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download","headline":"Project | Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV)","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-01-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/compressedairengine-281x300.jpg","height":300,"width":281},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-engineering-materia/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Differencebetweenmetalsandnonmetals-300x188.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction to Engineering Material | Types | Selection</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-engineering-materia/">Introduction to Engineering Material | Types | Selection</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Engineering Material and Types Of Engineering Materials 
General Definition of Material :
According to Webster’s dictionary, materials are defined as ‘substances of which...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-engineering-materia/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction to Engineering Material | Types | Selection">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction to Engineering Material | Types | Selection","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-engineering-materia\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Engineering Material and Types Of Engineering Materials\u00a0\r\nGeneral Definition of Material :\r\nAccording to Webster\u2019s dictionary, materials are defined as \u2018substances of which something is composed or made\u2019\r\n\r\nEngineering Material: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society).\r\n\r\nMaterial Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions\/relationships.\r\n\r\nMaterial Engineering: Mainly concerned with the use of fundamental and applied knowledge of materials, so that they may be converted into products, as needed or desired by the society (bridges materials knowledge from basic sciences to engineering disciplines)\r\nClassification Of Materials :\r\n\r\nIt is the systematic arrangement or division of materials into\u00a0groups on the basis of some common characteristic\r\n1. According to General Properties\r\n2. According to Nature of Materials\r\n3. According to Applications\r\n\r\n1. According to General Properties\r\n\r\n\r\n(a). Metals (e.g. iron, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, etc) Iron as the base metal.\r\n\r\n(i). Ferrous: High alloy steel (&lt; 50 % alloying elements), e.g. cast iron, wrought iron, steel, alloys like high-speed steel, spring steel, etc\r\n(ii). Non-Ferrous: Rest of the all other metals and their alloys, e.g. copper, aluminium, zinc lead, alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin, etc\r\n\r\n(b). Non-Metals (e.g. leather, rubber, asbestos, plastics, etc)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference between metal and Non metal\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2. According to Nature of Materials\r\n(a). Metals: e.g. Iron &amp; Steel, Alloys &amp; Superalloys, Intermetallic Compounds, etc\r\n\r\n(b). Ceramics: e.g. Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing), Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating), Whitewares (porcelains), Glass, Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers), Chemically Bonded Ceramics (cement &amp; concrete)\r\n\r\n(c).Polymers: e.g. Plastics, Liquid Crystals, Adhesives\r\n\r\n(d). Electronic Materials: e.g. Silicon, Germanium, Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)\r\n\r\n\r\n(e). Composites: e.g. Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material), Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets), Fiber reinforced composites (fiberglass)\r\n\u00a0\r\n(f). Biomaterials: e.g. Man-made proteins (artificial bacterium), Biosensors, etc\r\n\r\n(g). Advanced \/ Smart Materials: e.g. materials in computers (VCRs, CD Players, etc), fibreoptic systems, spacecrafts, aircrafts, rockets, shape-memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, optical fibres, microelectromechanical (MEMs) devices, electrorheological \/ magnetorheological fluids, Nanomaterials, etc\r\n\r\n\r\n3. According to Applications\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(a). Electrical Materials: e.g. conductors, insulators, dielectrics, etc\r\n\r\n(b). Electronic Materials: e.g. conductors, semi-conductors, etc\r\n\r\n(c). Magnetic Materials: e.g. ferromagnetic, paramagnetic &amp; diamagnetic materials, etc\r\n\r\n(d). Optical Materials: e.g. glass, quartz, etc\r\n\u00a0\r\n(e). Bio Materials: e.g. man-made proteins, artificial bacterium.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nChart shows classification of engineering material\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nFactors Affecting Material Selection\r\n1. Material Performance\r\n\r\n\r\n\u2022 Physical: e.g. appearance, shape, weight, boiling point, melting\u00a0point, freezing point, density, glass transition temperature,\u00a0permeability.\r\n\u2022 Mechanical: e.g. strength (tensile, compressive, shear, torsion,\u00a0bending), elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, rigidity,\u00a0toughness, hardness, brittleness, impact, fatigue, creep, strain\r\nhardening, strain rate effect, vibration\u00a0resistance, wear.\u2022 Thermal: e.g. thermal conductivity, expansion coefficient, Resistivity, thermal shock resistance, thermal diffusivity.\u2022 Electrical: e.g. conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength, thermoelectricity, superconductivity, electric hysteresis.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Magnetic: e.g. ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, magnetic permeability, coercive force, curie temperature, magnetic hysteresis.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Chemical: e.g. reactivity, corrosion resistance, polymerization, composition, acidity, alkalinity.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Optical: e.g. reflectivity, refractivity, absorptivity, transparency, opaqueness, color, luster.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Metallurgical: e.g. grain size, heat treatment done \/ required, anisotropy, hardenability.\r\n\r\n2. Constraints\r\n\u2022 Design Requirements\r\n\u2022 Existing Facilities\r\n\u2022 Availability\r\n\u2022 Compatibility\r\n\u2022 Marketability\r\n\u2022 Manufacturability (Fabricability \/ Castability \/ Formability \/\u00a0Machinability \/ Weldability)\r\n\u2022 Cost (Material + Fabrication \/ Manufacturing)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nMachine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nProduction Engineering Notes , article , Interview Que and Ans\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Introduction to Engineering Material | Types | Selection","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-01-11","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Differencebetweenmetalsandnonmetals-300x188.jpg","height":188,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/projection-method-first-and-third-angle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Theprincipalprojectionplanesandquadrantsforcreationofdrawings-300x298.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/projection-method-first-and-third-angle/">Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference
Projection Methods:
Projection Methods are used to show drawing on a paper . Projection Methods has mainly two types used  in...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/projection-method-first-and-third-angle/" aria-label="View Post: Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/projection-method-first-and-third-angle\/","articleBody":"Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference\r\nProjection Methods:\r\nProjection Methods are used to show drawing on a paper . Projection Methods has mainly two types used \u00a0in Engineering Drawing :\r\n\r\n1) First Angle Projection Method\r\n\r\n2) Third Angle Projection Method\r\nThe principal projection planes and quadrants used to create drawings are shown in figure. The object can be considered to be in any of the four quadrant.\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Projection Planes and Quadrants\r\nFirst Angle Projection\r\n\r\nIn this the object in assumed to be positioned in the first quadrant and is shown in figure.\r\n\r\nExample of \u00a0First Angle Method\r\n\r\n\r\nThe object is assumed to be positioned in between the projection planes and the observer. The views are obtained by projecting the images on the respective planes. Note that the right hand side view is projected\u00a0 on the plane placed at the left of the object. After projecting on to the respective planes, the bottom plane\u00a0 and left plane is unfolded on to the front view plane.\u00a0 i.e. the left plane is unfolded towards the left side to obtain the Right hand side view on the left side of the Front view and aligned with the Front view. The bottom plane is unfolded towards the bottom to obtain the Top view below the Front view and aligned with the Front View.\r\nThird Angle Projection\r\n\u00a0\r\nIn the third angle projection method, the object is assumed to be in the third quadrant. i.e. the object behind vertical plane and below the horizontal plane. In this projection technique, Placing the object in the third quadrant puts the projection planes between the viewer and the object and is shown in figure\r\n\r\nExample of \u00a0Third Angle Method\r\n\r\nDifference between first- and third-angle projections\r\n\u00a0\r\nEither first angle projection or\u00a0 third angle projection are used for engineering drawing.\u00a0 Second angle projection and fourth angle projections are not used since the drawing becomes complicated.\r\n\r\n\r\ndifference between first and third angle\r\nSymbol of projection\r\nAs per BIS standards, Drawing symbols for 1st angle and 3rd angle are shown in below figure. as previously explained that in case of first angle method the left hand side view is shown on right side of front view and vice verse.The symbol recommended by BIS is to draw the two sides of a frustum of a cone placed with its axis horizontal The left view is drawn.\r\n\r\n\r\nSymbol of first and third angle method\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nEngineering Drawing- Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-01-11","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Theprincipalprojectionplanesandquadrantsforcreationofdrawings-300x298.png","height":298,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=335">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=334"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>334</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=335"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>335</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>336</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=337"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>337</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=337">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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