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 It is defined as the relationship between man &amp; Machine and the application of anatomical, physiological &amp; Psychological principles to solve the problems arising from...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/ergonomics-examples/" aria-label="View Post: Ergonomics : Definition, Design Consideration, Examples">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Ergonomics : Definition, Design Consideration, Examples","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/ergonomics-examples\/","articleBody":"Ergonomics: Definition\r\n It is defined as the relationship between man &amp; Machine and the application of anatomical, physiological &amp; Psychological principles to solve the problems arising from man-machine relationships.\r\n\r\nErgonomics is defined as the scientific study of the man-machine-working environment relationship and the application of anatomical, physiological, and psychological principles to solve the problems arising from the relationship.\r\n\u2022 Ergonomics is related to the comfort between the man and machine while operating the machine.\r\n\u2022 The objective of ergonomics is to make the machine fit for the user rather than to make the user adapt himself or herself to the machine.\r\nCommunication between man and machine\r\n\r\n \tThe machine has a display unit and a control unit.\r\n \tA man (user) receives the information from the machine display through the sense organs.\r\n \tHe (or she) then takes the corrective action on the machine controls using the hands or feet.\r\n \tThis man-machine closed-loop system is influenced by the working environment factors such as lighting, noise, temperature, humidity, air circulation, etc.\r\n\r\nConcept Of Ergonomics\r\nErgonomics Design Consideration :\u00a0\r\n1. Anatomical factors in the design of the driver's seat:\r\n\r\nThe design of the driver's seat of an automobile is such that it is adjustable and comfortable to the end-user.\r\n\r\n2. Layout of instrument dials and display panels for accurate perception by the operators:\r\n\r\nThe basic objective behind the design of displays is to minimize the fatigue to the operator, who has to observe them continuously. \r\n\r\nThe ergonomic considerations in the design of displays are as follows:\r\n\r\ni) The scale on the dial indicator should be divided into suitable numerical divisions like 0-5-10-15 OR 0-10-20-30 and not 0-5-25-35\r\nii) The number of subdivisions between numbered divisions should be minimum.\r\niii) The size of letter or number on indicator is given as Height of letter or number \u2265 \/200\r\niv) Vertical figures should be used for stationery dials, while radially oriented figures are used for rotating dials.\r\nv) The pointer should have a knife-edge with a mirror in the dial to minimize Parallex Error.\r\n\r\nergonomics examples - workspace and chair design\r\n\r\n3. Design of hand levers and handwheels:\r\n\r\nThe controls used to operate the machines consist of levers, handwheels, knobs, switches, pushbuttons, and pedals. Most of them are hand-operated. When a large force is required to operate the controls, levers and handwheels are used. When the operating forces are light, push buttons or knob are used. \r\n\r\nThe ergonomic considerations in the design are as follows:\r\n\r\ni) The controls should be easily accessible and logically positioned.\r\nii) The shape of the control component, which comes in contact with the hands, should conform with the anatomy of human hands.\r\niii) Proper color produces beneficial psychological effects. The controls should be painted with a grey background of machine tools to call for attention.\r\n\r\n4. Lighting, noise, and climatic conditions in the machine environment:\r\n\r\nThe working environment affects significantly the man-machine relationship. It affects the efficiency and possibly the health of the operator. \r\n\r\nThe major working environmental factors are:\r\n\r\nI. Lighting:\r\n\r\n\u2022 The amount of light that is required to enable a task to be performed effectively depends upon the nature of the task, the cycle time, the reflective characteristics of the equipment involved, and the vision of the operator.\r\n\u2022 The intensity of light in the surrounding area should be less than that at the task area. This makes the task area the focus of attention.\r\n\u2022 Operators will become less tired if the lighting and color schemes are arranged so that there is a gradual change in brightness and color from the task area to the surroundings. The task area should be located such that the operator can occasionally relax by looking away from the task area towards a distinct object or surface. The distinct object or surface should not be so bright that the operator's eyes take time to adjust to the change when he or she again looks at the task.\r\n\r\nII. Noise:\r\n\r\n\u2022 The noise at the workplace causes annoyance, damage to hearing, and reduction of work efficiency. Noise caused by equipment that a person is using is less annoying than that caused by the equipment being used by another person because the person has the option of stopping the noise caused by his equipment. If the noise level is too high, it should be reduced at the source by maintenance, by the use of silencers and by placing vibrating equipment on isolating mounts. If required, earplugs should be provided to the operators to reduce the effect of noise.\r\n\r\nIII. Temperature:\r\n\r\n\u2022 For an operator to perform the task efficiently, he should neither feel hot nor cold. When heavy work is done, the temperature should be relatively lower and when the light work is done, the temperature should be relatively higher.\r\n\r\nIV. Humidity and Air circulation:\r\n\r\n\u2022 At high temperatures, the low humidity may cause discomfort due to drying of throat and nose and high humidity may cause discomfort due to sensation of stuffiness and over sweating in an ill-ventilated or crowded room\r\n\u2022 The proper air circulation is necessary to minimize the effect of high temperature and humidity.\r\nErgonomics considerations Examples :\u00a0\r\nI) For assembly jobs, material should be placed in a position such that the worker's strongest muscles do most of the work.\r\nii) For detailed work which involves close inspection of the materials, the workbench should be lower than for heavy work.\r\niii) Hand tools that cause discomfort or injury should be modified or replaced. Workers are often the best source of ideas on ways to improve a tool to make using it more comfortable. For example, pliers can be either straight or bent, depending on the need.\r\niv) A task should not require workers to stay in awkward positions, such as reaching, bending, or hunching over for long periods.\r\nv) Workers need to be trained in proper lifting techniques. A well-designed job should minimize how far and how often workers have to lift.\r\nvi) Standing work should be minimized since it is often less tiring to do a job sitting than standing.\r\nvii) Job assignments should be rotated to minimize the amount of time a worker spends doing a highly repetitive task since repetitive work requires using the same muscles again and again and is usually very boring.\r\nviii) Workers and equipment should be positioned so that workers can perform their jobs with their upper arms at their sides and with their wrists straight.\r\nErgonomics consideration in the design of the Lathe machine.\r\n1) The controls on lathe should be easily accessible and properly positioned.\r\n2) the control operation should involve minimum motions.\r\n3) Height of lathe should be matched with the worker for operation\r\n4) Lathe machine should make less noise during operation.\r\n5) force &amp; power capacity required in turning the wheel as per operation or human being can apply normally.\r\n6) should get the required accuracy in operation.\r\nAesthetics in automobile Design -\r\nThe appearance should contribute to the performance of the product, thought the extent of contribution varies from product to product for example chromium plating of automobiles components improves the corrosion resistance along with the appearance.\r\nSimilarly the aerodynamic shape of the car improves the performance of the performance as well as gives the pleasing appearance lesser air resistance resulting in the lesser fuel consumption. The appearance should reflect the function of the product for example. The aerodynamic shape of the car creases the speed.\r\nImportance of Aesthetic considerations in design \u2013\r\nEach product is to be designed to perform a specific function or a set of functions to the satisfaction of customers. In the present days of the buyer\u2019s market, with several products available in the market are having most of the parameters identical, the appearance of the product is often a major factor in attracting the customer.\r\nFor any product, there exists a relationship between the functional requirement and the appearance of a product. The aesthetic quality contributes to the performance of the product, through the extent of contribution varies from product to product. The job of an industrial designer is to create new shapes and forms for the product which are aesthetically appealing.\r\n\r\nFor example. (1) The chromium plating of automobile components improves the corrosion resistance along with the appearance. (2) the aerodynamic shape of the car improves the performance as well as gives the pleasing appearance\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Ergonomics : Definition, Design Consideration, Examples","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/ergonomics-examples-workspace-and-chair-design-300x286.gif","height":286,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/machine-design-consideration/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/general-design-consideration-in-machine-design-300x272.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 12 General Considerations in Machine Design</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/machine-design-consideration/">12 General Considerations in Machine Design</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>12 General Considerations in Machine Design
Designing machine components or assembly needs to consider various factors, on these factors or Standard Data final product is designed. Final Design...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/machine-design-consideration/" aria-label="View Post: 12 General Considerations in Machine Design">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"12 General Considerations in Machine Design","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/machine-design-consideration\/","articleBody":"12 General Considerations in Machine Design\r\nDesigning machine components or assembly needs to consider various factors, on these factors or Standard Data final product is designed. Final Design should involve Details information about Dimensions, Processes required, Surface finishing and tolerance details, etc. Mechanical Design engineers may use Design Databook, 3D,2D Design Softwares, research papers as a tools for Designing machine Components. In this article, we will cover some important factors on which the machine design process is dependant.\r\n\r\nFollowing are the general considerations in designing a machine component:\r\n\r\n general design consideration in machine design\r\n1.\u00a0Type of load and stresses caused by the load. \r\n\u00a0The load, on a machine component, may act in several ways due to which the internal stresses are set up.\u00a0:\r\n\r\n \tCompression- Applying forces to both ends\r\n \tTension- Forces applied in the opposite direction\r\n \tShear- Sliding forces that are applied in the opposite direction\r\n \tBending- Force off-centered\r\n \tTorsional- Twisting force\r\n \tCombination - Combination of any loads\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0 Types Of Loads Used in Engineering Field\r\n2. Motion of the parts or kinematics of the machine. \r\nThe successful operation of any machine depends largely upon the simplest arrangement of the parts which will give the motion required.\r\n\r\nThe motion of the parts may be:\r\n(a) Rectilinear motion which includes unidirectional and reciprocating motions.\r\n(b) Curvilinear motion which includes rotary, oscillatory, and simple harmonic.\r\n(c) Constant velocity.\r\n(d) Constant or variable acceleration.\r\n3. Selection of materials \r\nA designer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties of the materials and their behavior under working conditions. Some of the important characteristics of materials are strength, durability, flexibility, weight, resistance to heat and corrosion, ability to cast, welded or hardened, machinability, electrical conductivity, etc.\u00a0\r\n\r\nSelection of Materials for Engineering Purposes\r\n\r\nThe selection of a proper material, for engineering purposes, is one of the most difficult problems for the designer. The best material is one which serves the desired objective at the minimum cost. The following factors should be considered while selecting the material:\r\n1. Availability of the materials,\r\n2. Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service, and\r\n3. The cost of the materials.\r\nThe important properties, which determine the utility of the material, are physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. We shall now discuss the physical and mechanical properties of the material in the following articles.\r\n\r\nClassification of Engineering Materials\r\n\r\nThe engineering materials are mainly classified as:\r\n1. Metals and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum, etc.\r\n2. Non-metals, such as glass, rubber, plastic, etc.\r\nThe metals may be further classified as:\r\n(a) Ferrous metals and (b) Non-ferrous metals.\r\n\r\nRead More: Introduction to Engineering Material | Types | Selection\r\n4. Form and size of the parts. \r\nThe form and size are based on judgment. The smallest practicable cross-section may be used, but it may be checked that the stresses induced in the designed cross-section are reasonably safe. To design any machine part for form and size, it is necessary to know the forces which the part must sustain. It is also important to anticipate any suddenly applied or impact load which may cause failure.\r\n5. Frictional resistance and lubrication.\r\n There is always a loss of power due to frictional resistance and it should be noted that the friction of starting is higher than that of running friction. It is, therefore, essential that careful attention must be given to the matter of lubrication of all surfaces which move in contact with others, whether in rotating, sliding, or rolling bearings.\r\n6. Convenient and economical features.\r\n In designing, the operating features of the machine should be carefully studied. The starting, controlling, and stopping levers should be located based on convenient handling. The adjustment for wear must be provided employing the various take-up devices and arranging them so that the alignment of parts is preserved. If parts are to be changed for different products or replaced on account of wear or breakage, easy access should be provided and the necessity of removing other parts to accomplish this should be avoided if possible. The economical operation of a machine which is to be used for production or the processing of material should be studied, to learn whether it has the maximum capacity consistent with the production of good work.\r\n7. Use of standard parts.\r\n The use of standard parts is closely related to cost because the cost of standard or stock parts is only a fraction of the cost of similar parts made to order. The standard or stock parts should be used whenever possible; parts for which patterns are already in existence such as gears, pulleys and bearings, and parts that may be selected from regular shop stock such as screws, nuts, and pins. Bolts and studs should be as few as possible to avoid the delay caused by changing drills, reamers, and taps and also to decrease the number of wrenches required.\r\n\r\nInterchangeability\r\n\r\nThe term interchangeability is normally employed for the mass production of identical items within the prescribed limits of sizes. A little consideration will show that to maintain the sizes of the part within a close degree of accuracy, a lot of time is required. But even then there will be small variations. If the variations are within certain limits, all parts of equivalent size will be equally fit for operating in machines certain variations are recognized and allowed in the sizes of the mating parts to give the required fitting. This facilitates selecting at random from a large number of parts for an assembly and results in a considerable saving in the cost of production.\r\n8. Safety of operation. \r\nSome machines are dangerous to operate, especially those which are speeded up to insure production at a maximum rate. Therefore, any moving part of a machine that is within the zone of a worker is considered an accident hazard and may be the cause of an injury. It is, therefore, necessary that a designer should always provide safety devices for the safety of the operator. The safety appliances should in no way interfere with the operation of the machine.\r\n9. Workshop facilities. \r\nA design engineer should be familiar with the limitations of this employer\u2019s workshop, to avoid the necessity of having work done in some other workshop. It is sometimes necessary to plan and supervise the workshop operations and to draft methods for casting, handling, and machining special parts.\r\n10. The number of machines to be manufactured. \r\nThe number of articles or machines to be manufactured affects the design in several ways. The engineering and shop costs which are called fixed charges or overhead expenses are distributed over the number of articles to be manufactured. If only a few articles are to be made, extra expenses are not justified unless the machine is large or of some special design. An order calling for a small number of the product will not permit any undue expense in the workshop processes so that the designer should restrict his specification to standard parts as much as possible.\r\n11. Cost of construction. \r\nThe cost of construction of an article is the most important consideration involved in design. In some cases, the high cost of an article may immediately bar it from further considerations. If an article has been invented and tests of handmade samples have shown that it has commercial value, it is then possible to justify the expenditure of a considerable sum of money in the design and development of automatic machines to produce the article, especially if it can be sold in large numbers. The aim of the design engineer under all conditions should be to reduce the manufacturing cost to the minimum.\r\n12. Assembling. \r\nEvery machine or structure must be assembled as a unit before it can function. Large units must often be assembled in the shop, tested, and then taken to be transported to their place of service. The final location of any machine is important and the design engineer must anticipate the exact location and the local facilities for erection.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical MCQ Objectives Question and Answers\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"12 General Considerations in Machine Design","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/general-design-consideration-in-machine-design-300x272.jpg","height":272,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/procedure-for-selection-of-bearing-from-manufacturers-catalogue/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Procedure-for-selection-of-bearing-from-Catalogue-259x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Procedure for selection of bearing from manufacturer’s Catalogue</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/procedure-for-selection-of-bearing-from-manufacturers-catalogue/">Procedure for selection of bearing from manufacturer’s Catalogue</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>How to select bearing from catalogue
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion and reduces friction between moving parts. Bearing is a mechanical element which permits relative...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/procedure-for-selection-of-bearing-from-manufacturers-catalogue/" aria-label="View Post: Procedure for selection of bearing from manufacturer’s Catalogue">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Procedure for selection of bearing from manufacturer\u2019s Catalogue","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/procedure-for-selection-of-bearing-from-manufacturers-catalogue\/","articleBody":"How to select bearing from catalogue\r\nA bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion and reduces friction between moving parts. Bearing is a mechanical element which permits relative motion between two parts, such as the shaft and the housing, with minimum friction. In this article we will see Procedure for selecting standard bearing available from manufacturing catalogue. Selection of bearing may involve various factors like Applications conditions, shafts Speed, Working condition, motor speed and torque, lubrication facility available,\u00a0 vibration, etc.\r\n\r\nThe functions of the bearing are as follows:\r\n1. The bearing facilitates free rotation of the shaft with minimum friction.\r\n2. The bearing supports the shaft and holds it in the correct position.\r\n3. The bearing takes up the forces that act on the shaft and transmits them to the frame.\r\n\r\nAccording to Application Of loads bearing types Selected are as Follows :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tLight radial load with high rotational speed - Single row deep groove ball bearing\r\n \tHeavy axial load with high rotational speed - Angular contact bearing.\u00a0\r\n \tAxial thrust only with medium speed. - Thrust ball bearing\r\n \tCombined radial and axial load with medium speed. - Taper roller bearing\r\n\r\nSliding contact bearing is commonly used where there is relatively high load but relatively less speed. Following are the some of the practical applications.\r\n\r\n1) Steam and gas turbines\r\n2) Crankshaft bearing of diesel engines.\r\n3) Electric motors of large size.\r\n4) Centrifugal and axial pumps\r\n5) Material handling equipments like rope conveyors.\r\nWhat the procedure for selecting the bearing from the manufacturer's catalogue?\r\nThe following procedure is followed in selecting the bearing from the manufacturer\u2019s catalog.\r\n\r\n \tCalculate the radial and axial loads i.e Fr and Fa acting on bearing.\r\n \tDetermine the diameter of the shaft on which the bearing is to be mounted.\r\n \tSelect the proper type of bearing for the given application.\r\n \tThe selection of bearing is done by trial and error. To begin with a bearing of extra light series is selected for the known shaft diameter.\r\n \tFind the value of the basic static capacity ( Co ) of the selected bearing from the catalog.\r\n \tCalculate the ratios (Fa\/V Fr) and (Fa\/Co).\r\n \tFind the values of radial and thrust factors i.e. x and y from the catalog. The values depend upon two ratios (Fa\/VFr) and (Fa\/Co).\r\n \tFor the given application, find the value of load factor or app. factor Ka from catalog.\r\n \tCalculate the equivalent dynamic load by using relation\r\nPe= (XVFr + YFa) Ka.\r\n \tDepending upon the application decide the expected life of the bearing and express the life in million revolutions L10.\r\n \tCalculate the required basic dynamic capacity for the bearing by using relation\r\nL10 =(c\/Pc)a.\r\n \tCheck whether the selected bearing has the required dynamic capacity. If not select the bearing of the next series and go back to step 5 and continue.\r\n \tThe above steps can be expressed as a flow diagram as below {In exam list either steps of flow diagram or both } \r\n\r\nFlow chart for the selection of bearing from the manufacturers catalog\r\n\r\nProcedure for selection of bearing from Catalog\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTerms used here are explained below :\u00a0\r\n\r\nLife Of Bearing :\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe life of an individual bearing is defined as the total number of revolutions (or the number of hours at a given constant speed) which the bearing can complete before the evidence of fatigue failure develops on the balls or races.\r\n\r\n \tThe bearing life can be defined by rating life.\r\n \tThe rating life of a group of apparently identical bearing is defined as the number of revolutions (or the number of hours at a given constant speed) that 90 percent of a group of bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue failure develops. It is also known as L10 life.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Procedure for selection of bearing from manufacturer\u2019s Catalogue","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Procedure-for-selection-of-bearing-from-Catalogue-259x300.jpg","height":300,"width":259},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/press-machine-types-parts-diagram-specifications/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/mechanical-press-diagram-300x262.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Press Machine &#8211; Types , Parts , Diagram , Specifications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/press-machine-types-parts-diagram-specifications/">Press Machine &#8211; Types , Parts , Diagram , Specifications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Press Machine
A press machine is a sheet metal working tool with a stationary bed and a powered ram can be driven towards the bed or away from the bed to apply force or required pressure for various...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/press-machine-types-parts-diagram-specifications/" aria-label="View Post: Press Machine &#8211; Types , Parts , Diagram , Specifications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Press Machine &#8211; Types , Parts , Diagram , Specifications","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/press-machine-types-parts-diagram-specifications\/","articleBody":"Press Machine\r\nA press machine is a sheet metal working tool with a stationary bed and a powered ram can be driven towards the bed or away from the bed to apply force or required pressure for various metal forming operations. A line diagram of a typical pres is explained in the Figure. hydraulic system. The relative positions of bed and ram in the press are decided by the structure of its frame. The punch is generally gripped into the punch holder and the punch holder is attached to ram. A balster steel plate is attached to the bed of the press and die is mounted on the balster steel plate.\r\n\r\nmechanical press diagram\r\n\r\nPresses are available in a variety of capacities, power systems and frame types. The meaning of capacity of the press is its capability to apply the required force to complete the operation.\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Press machine Forging - Process , advantages and Disadvantages\r\nPower and Drive System\r\nPower systems on presses are either hydraulic presses that use a large piston and cylinder to drive the ram. This system is capable to provide longer ram strokes than mechanical dries. It gives a consistent applied load. Its working is comparatively slower. These presses can be single action or double action or so on. The number of actions depends on the number of slides operating independently.\r\nMechanical presses are used several types of drive mechanisms. These drives include eccentric, crankshaft, knuckle joint, etc. These drives are used to convert rotational motion given by a motor into a linear motion of the ram. A flywheel is generally used as a reservoir of energy for forging operations. These presses are recommended for blanking and punching operations as the involved drives are capable to achieve very high forces at the end of their strokes.\r\nPress working is used in a large number of industries like the automobile industry, aircraft industry, telecommunication electrical appliance, utensils making industry are major examples.\r\nTYPES OF PRESSES\r\nThere are different criteria of classification of presses into different categories. These criteria, related classifications and their descriptions are discussed below.\r\n\r\n1. According to the Power Source\r\n\r\nThese power sources are categorized as :\r\n\r\nManually Operated or Power Driven\r\n\r\nThese presses are used to process thin sheet metal working operations where less pressure or force is required. These are operated by manual power. Most of the manually operated presses are hand press, ball press or fly press.\r\n\r\nPower Presses\r\n\r\nPower presses are normally driven by a mechanical mechanism or hydraulic system. The power source of these presses may be electric motor or engine.\r\n\r\n2. According to the Type and Design of Frame\r\n\r\nThe type and design of frame depending on the design of frame these are classified as inclinable, straight side, adjustable bed, gap frame, horning and the open end.\r\n\r\nInclinable Frame Press\r\n\r\nIts frame is called inclinable due to its capability to tilt back up to some angle. It can be locked into any of its inclined position as shown in Figure. Its back is open to exit the scrap so it is also called the open back inclinable press.\r\n\r\nframe press\r\n\r\nGap Frame Press\r\n\r\nThese presses have larger frame openings, which means a wide gap between its base and ram to accommodate larger workpieces. It also has longer beds, as shown in Figure.\r\n\r\ngap frame press\r\n\r\nStraight Side Press\r\n\r\nThese presses have straight side type frames which is preferred for presses having larger bed areas and high tonnage. This offers greater rigidity and capable of long strokes. The frame consists of vertical and straight sides so it is called straight side press.\r\n\r\nAdjustable Bed Type Press\r\n\r\nIt is also called column and knee type press because it has a knee-type bed supported on its column-shaped frame. Its bed (knee) can be adjusted at any desirable height by moving it vertically up or down with the help of power screws. In this structure there is a slight lack of rigidity as compared to other structures. It is shown in Figure.\r\n\r\nAdjustable Bed Type Press\r\n\r\nOpen End Press\r\n\r\nIt has a solid type of vertical frame with all sides open. The driving mechanism is housed at the back and ram controlling mechanism at the front. It is easy to accommodate the workpiece and dies in this type of structure. It is identified as a light-duty machine.\r\n\r\nHorning Press\r\n\r\nIt consists of a vertical frame, top of which overhangs towards the front. The overhanging portion serves for housing for driving mechanism and ram control. The frame consists of a front face as a work table called a horn.\r\n\r\n3. According to the Position of Frame\r\n\r\nPresses can also be categorized by the position of frame as described below.\r\n\r\nInclinable Frame\r\n\r\nAlready described.\r\n\r\nVertical Frame\r\n\r\nVertical frame type of press is already been discussed, it cannot be adjusted like the inclinable frame. Gap, adjustable bed, straight side, open-end, and honing presses are the example of vertical frames.\r\n\r\nHorizontal Frame\r\n\r\nIt has a fixed frame in a horizontal position. It provides the facility of auto ejection of produced part and scrap due to gravity.\r\n\r\nInclined Frame\r\n\r\nLike the inclinable frame, inclined frame press has an inclined frame but fixed, it cannot be adjusted to any other angle.\r\n\r\n4. According to the Actions\r\n\r\nAccording to the number of actions it can be categorized as a single action, double action or triple-action press. Here the number of actions is the same as the number of rams on the press.\r\n\r\n5. According to Mechanism Used to Transmit Power to Ram\r\n\r\nCrank Press\r\n\r\nIt consists of crankshaft driven by a flywheel, the rotary motion of the crankshaft is converted into reciprocating motion with the help of a connecting rod connected to ram.\r\n\r\nCam Driven Press\r\n\r\nIn this press, a cam is used to press the ram down words and suitably located springs restore the original position of ram when pressure applied is removed. This mechanism has a limitation of the size of the press.\r\n\r\nEccentric Press\r\n\r\nIn this press, the driving shaft carries an eccentric integral with it. One end of the connecting rod carried an attachment of revolving eccentric and its other end is connected to ram. As the eccentric shaft revolves, the offset between the eccentric center and the center of rotation of the shaft provides the required movement.\r\n\r\nKnuckle Press\r\n\r\nThis press is driven with the help of a knuckle joint mechanism. The main advantage of this press is partial back thrust is transferred to the crankshaft, its major portion is transferred to the back crown which is capable to hear. This enables the application of this press for heavier jobs with high intensity of blows. These presses are recommended for coining, squeezing, extruding and embossing. They have a limitation of shorter stroke lengths.\r\n\r\nToggle Press\r\n\r\nThese presses work on toggle mechanism and used for double and triple action presses for driving the outer rams. However, the crankshaft drive is used for the inner ram. These are used for large draw dies, in which this mechanism actuates the blank holder whereas the punch is operated by the crank driven inner ram.\r\n\r\nScrew Press\r\n\r\nThis is known as a power screw or percussion press. There is a vertical are like frame, its job forms a nut. There is a flywheel at the top of and engages the ram at its bottom. The flywheel is driven by a friction disc and the rotating screw lowers and raises the ram. The flywheel is accelerated by friction drive. Its total energy is expanded in striking the work, bringing it to a halt. The intensity of blow can be regulated by adjusting the height of the die. Higher the position of the die, lesser the speed of the flywheel and hence lower the intensity of blow. These presses have a limitation that the ram movement is slow so these are recommended for sheet metal work only.\r\n\r\nHydraulic Press\r\n\r\nThese presses have a piller type construction or carry the hydraulic cylinder at the top of the crown. These presses provide longer stroke than mechanical presses with adjustable intensity of blow. Their stroke length can also be adjusted with full tonnage. These are recommended for deep drawing, extruding and plastic molding.\r\n\r\nRack and Pinion Press\r\n\r\nRack and pinion driven presses are called rack and pinion presses meant for long strokes. The major advantage is the faster operation of this press due to the involvement of quick return motion. There are some limitations of this press. The load-bearing capability of a rack and pinion mechanism is very low so these are light-duty machines. Ram movement is slightly slower. These presses have very limited use nowadays.\r\n\r\n6. According to Number of Drive Gears\r\n\r\nThe number of drive gears means the number of gears attached at the ends of the crankshaft, used to drive it. Smaller presses have the single drive and larger presses may be double drive crankshafts. Very large presses with longer beds carry long crankshafts. They have a risk of twisting. These crankshafts are provided with one driving gear at each end, these presses are named as twine drive presses. If a press carries two crankshafts each having a twin drive, such presses are called quadruple drive presses.\r\n\r\n7. According to Number of Crankshaft in a Press\r\n\r\nAccording to the number of crankshafts used in a press, these are directly classified as single crank (having one crankshaft) double crank (having two crankshafts).\r\n\r\nMethod of transmission of power from Motor to Crankshaft\r\n\r\nThe method used for transmission of power from the motor to crankshaft categorized presses into the following categories :\r\n\r\nDirect Drive Press\r\n\r\nIn this case, power is directly transferred through gears pair. Smaller gear is mounted on the motor shaft, called pinion, its larger mating gear, mounted on the crankshaft. The larger gear also acts as a flywheel. The flywheel is attached to the crankshaft through the clutch and equipped with the facility of disengaging it as per the need. Such presses have shorter strokes and these are light-duty presses.\r\n\r\nFlywheel Driven Presses\r\n\r\nThese presses consist no gears so also called \u201cNo geared presses\u201d. For the transmission of power motor pulley is connected to flywheel driven crankshaft by Vee belt and pulley system. A clutch is used to engage or disengage the flywheel with the crankshaft. These presses are light-duty presses providing shorter and quicker strokes.\r\n\r\nSingle Geared Drive Presses\r\n\r\nThis press consists of a countershaft between motor shaft and crankshaft. The flywheel is mounted on the countershaft. Power is transferred from motor to flywheel (countershaft) through the \u201eVee\u201f belt drive and then from countershaft to crankshaft through pinion and gear. Clutch is mounted between pinion and flywheel to disengaged the power transmission as per the requirements. In these presses there are two steps for rpm reduction and torque enhancement so these are heavy-duty mechanics with longer strokes.\r\n\r\nDouble Geared Drive Presses\r\n\r\nIn these types of presses an additional shaft named as the intermediate shaft is introduced between the countershaft mounted flywheel and the crankshaft of a single geared drive. Twin drive is possible in this case by having similar gear trains on other sides of two shafts. This provides a slow stroke with larger power.\r\n\r\n8. According to the Purpose of Use\r\n\r\nSome of the operations require low stroke strength and some lager stroke strength. In the same way requirements of the stroke length is different for different operations. So depending on power and stroke length presses are classified as given below depending on their suitability of performing different operations.\r\n(a) Shearing press\r\n(b) Seaming press\r\n(c) Straightening press\r\n(d) Punching press\r\n(e) Extruding press\r\n(f) Caining press\r\n(g) Forging press\r\n(h) Rolling press\r\n(i) Bending press.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Press Machine Working - Die And Punch | Interview Question and Answers\r\nMAIN PARTS OF A TYPICAL POWER PRESS MACHINE\r\nDifferent types of presses have almost common types of main parts. These parts are described below.\r\n\r\nBase\r\n\r\nThe all machine tool, the base is one of the parts of a press. It is the main supporting member for workpiece holding dies and different controlling mechanisms of the press. The size of the table limits the size of the workpiece that can be processed on a press. In case of some special presses the base carries mechanism for tilting the frame in any desirable inclined position too.\r\n\r\nFrame\r\n\r\nFrame constitute the main body of the press located at one edge of its base. It houses support for ram, driving mechanism and control mechanisms. Some of the press have a column-shaped frame.\r\n\r\nRam\r\n\r\nThis is the main operating part of the press which works directly during the processing of a workpiece. Ram reciprocates to and fro within its guideways with prescribed stroke length and power. The stroke length and power transferred can be adjusted as per the requirements. Ram at its bottom end carries punch to process the workpiece.\r\n\r\nPitman\r\n\r\nIt is the part that connects the ram and crankshaft or ram eccentric.\r\n\r\nDriving Mechanism\r\n\r\nDifferent types of driving mechanisms are used in different types of presses like a cylinder and piston arrangement in a hydraulic press, crankshaft and eccentric mechanisms in a mechanical press, etc. these mechanisms are used to drive ram by transferring power from the motor to ram.\r\n\r\nControlling Mechanisms\r\n\r\nControlling mechanisms are used to operate a press under predetermined controlled conditions. Normally two parameters are adjusted by controlling mechanisms length of stroke of ram and power of the stroke. Transfer of power can be disengaged with the help of a clutch provided with driving mechanisms as per need. In most of the presses controlling mechanisms is inbuilt with the driving mechanisms. Nowadays compute controlled presses are being used in which control is guided by the microprocessor. These presses provides reliable and accurate control with automation.\r\n\r\nFlywheel\r\n\r\nIn most of the presses, driven gear or driven pulley is made of the shape of the flywheel, which is used for storing the energy reserve wire of energy) for maintaining a constant speed of ram when the punch is pressed against the workpiece. Flywheel is placed in the driving mechanism just before the clutch is a sequence of power transmission.\r\n\r\nBrakes\r\n\r\nBrakes are very urgent in any mobile system. Generally two types of brakes are used normal brake, which can bring the driven shaft to rest quickly after disengaging it from the flywheel. Other is emergency brakes which are provided as foot brakes to any machine. These brakes include power off switch along with normal stronger braking to bring all motions to rest quickly.\r\n\r\nBalster Plate\r\n\r\nIt is a thick plate attached to the bed or base of the press. It is used to clamp the die assembly rigidly to support the workpiece. The die used in press working may have more than one part that is why the phrase die assembly is being used at the place of the die.\r\nSPECIFICATIONS OF A PRESS MACHINE\r\nExpressing the size of a machine (press) includes expressing each of the parameters pertaining to it quantitatively in appropriate units. Expressing size in the above-mentioned way is the specifications of the press. The following parameters are expressed as specifications of a press.\r\n\r\n(a) Maximum Force: Maximum force that its ram can exert on the workpiece, this is expressed in tones and called tonnage. It varies from 5 to 4000 tonnes for the mechanical press. It may be up to 50,000 tonnes by a hydraulic press.\r\n\r\n(b) Maximum Stroke Length: Maximum distance traveled by the ram from its top most position to extreme down position. It is expressed in mm. the stroke length is adjustable so different values that can be obtained between minimum and maximum of stroke length, these are also the part of specifications.\r\n\r\n(c) Die Space: Total (maximum) surface area, along with (b \uf0b4 d), of bed, base, ram base. This the area in which die can be maintained.\r\n\r\n(d) Shut Height: Total opening between the ram and base when the ram is at its extreme down position. This is the minimum height of the processed workpiece.\r\n\r\n(e) Press Adjustments: Different stroke lengths (already covered in point number 2). Different tonnage that can be set as per the requirement.\r\n\r\n(f) Ram Speed: It is expressed as the number of strokes per minute. Generally it can be 5 to 5000 strokes per minute.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Press Machine &#8211; Types , Parts , Diagram , Specifications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-20","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mechanical-press-diagram-300x262.jpg","height":262,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cam-and-follower-types-diagram-parts-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/types-of-cam-300x196.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Cam and Follower : Types , Diagram , Parts , Working</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cam-and-follower-types-diagram-parts-working/">Cam and Follower : Types , Diagram , Parts , Working</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to CAMS :
A cam and follower are a method of converting rotary motion into linear motion. The most well-known application is in an internal combustion engine, where the cam and follower...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cam-and-follower-types-diagram-parts-working/" aria-label="View Post: Cam and Follower : Types , Diagram , Parts , Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Cam and Follower : Types , Diagram , Parts , Working","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/cam-and-follower-types-diagram-parts-working\/","articleBody":"Introduction to CAMS :\r\nA cam and follower are a method of converting rotary motion into linear motion. The most well-known application is in an internal combustion engine, where the cam and follower combination determines the opening times and duration of the valves. (via the pushrod and rocker arm).\r\n\r\nOther applications might be on industrial machinery, regulating opening and closing of equipment for filling bottles or containers, toys (for example a \u201cquacking duck\u201d toy, where a cam can be used to move the duck\u2019s beak and make the quack noise), in fact, any application where you want a fairly short linear motion at a regular repeated interval.\r\n\r\nIn machines, particularly in typical textile and automatic machines, many parts need to be imparted different types of motion in a particular direction. This is accomplished by the conversion of the available motion into the type of motion required. Change of circular motion to the translatory (linear) motion of simple harmonic type and vice-versa and can be done by slider-crank mechanism as discussed previously. But now the question arises, what to do when circular or rotary motion is to be changed into linear motion of complex nature or oscillatory motion. This job is well accomplished by a machine part of a mechanical member, known as cam.\r\n\r\ntypes of cam\r\nDefinition of CAMS :\u00a0\r\nA cam may be defined as a rotating, reciprocating or oscillating machine part, designed to impart reciprocating and oscillating motion to another mechanical part, called a follower.\r\n\r\nA cam and follower have, usually, a line contact between them and as such they constitute a higher pair. The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is generally, provided by a spring or sometimes by the sufficient weight of the follower itself.\r\nClassification of Cams\r\nCams are classified according to :\r\n(a) Shape\r\n(b) Follower movement\r\n(c) Type of constraint of the follower\r\nAccording to Shape\r\nWedge and Flat Cams\r\nIt is shown in Figures 1.48(a), (b), (c) and (d).\r\nIn Figure 1.48(a), on imparting horizontal translatory motion to wedge, the follower also translates but vertically in Figure 1.48(b), the wedge has a curved surface at its top. The follower gets an oscillatory motion when a horizontal translatory motion is given to the wedge. In Figure 1.48(c), the wedge is stationary, the guide is imparted translatory motion within the constraint provided. This results in the translatory motion of the follower in Figure 1.48(d), instead of a wedge, a rectangular block or a flat plate with a groove is provided. When horizontal translatory motion is imparted to the block, the follower is constrained to have a vertical translatory motion.\r\n\r\nTypes of wedge cams\r\n\r\nFurther, there is no need to provide a spring in this case as in case (a) and (b). In this case the path of the groove, which causes motion to the follower, constrains the follower to move upward and downward.\r\nRadial or Disc Cam\r\nIn radial or disc cams the shape of the working surface (profile) is such that the followers reciprocate in a plane at right angles to the axis of the cam as shown in Figure 1.49(a). It is called radial cam because the motion of the followers obtained is radial (Figure 1.49). A differently shaped radial cam is also shown in Figure 1.49(b).\r\n\r\nTypes of radial cams\r\n\r\nIt is pointed out that the radial cams are very popular due to their simplicity and compactness,\r\nCylindrical Cams\r\nCylindrical cams have been shown in Figures 1.50(a) and (b). In Figure 1.50(a) the follower reciprocates whereas in Figure 1.50(b) the follower oscillates. Cylindrical cams are also known as barrel or drum cams.\r\n\r\ncylindrical cam\r\nSpiral Cams\r\nIt is shown in Figure 1.51. The cam comprises a plate on the face of which a groove of the form of a spiral is cut. The spiral groove is provided with teeth which mesh with pin gear follower.\r\nThis cam has a limited use because it has to reverse its direction to reset the position of the follower. This cam has found its use in computers.\r\n\r\nspiral cam\r\nConjugate Cams\r\nAs the name implies, the cam comprises two discs, keyed together and remain in constant touch with two rollers of a follower as shown in Figure 1.52.\r\n\r\nconjugate cam\r\n\r\nThis cam is used where the requirement is of high dynamic load, low wear, low noise, high speed and better control of follower.\r\nGloboid Cams\r\nThis cam has two types of surfaces: convex and concave. A helical contour is cut on the circumference of the surface of rotation of the cam as shown in Figures 1.53(a) and (b). The end of the follower is constrained to move along the contour and then oscillatory motion is obtained. In this cam, a large angle of oscillation of the follower is obtained.\r\n\r\nGloboid Cams\r\nSpherical Cams\r\nIn this cam, as shown in Figure 1.54, the cam is of the shape of a sphere on the peripheral of which a helical groove is cut. The roller provided at the end of the follower rolls in the groove causing the oscillatory motion to the follower in an axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cam.\r\n\r\nspherical cam\r\nAccording to Follower Movement\r\nRise-return-rise (RRR)\r\n\r\nIn this type of cam, its profile or contour is such that the cam rises, returns without rest or dwell, and without any dwell or rest, it again rises. Follower displacement and cam angle diagram for this type of cam is shown in Figure 1.55(a).\r\n\r\nDwell, Rise-return Dwell (DRRD)\r\n\r\nIn this type of cam after dwell, there is the rise of the follower, then it returns to its original position and dwells for sometimes before again rising. Generally, this type of cam is commonly used. Its displacement cam angle diagram is shown in Figure 1.55(b).\r\n\r\nDwell-rise-dwell-return\r\n\r\nIt is the most widely used type of cam. In this, dwell is followed by a rise. Then the follower remains stationary in the dwell provided and then returns to its original position [Figure 1.55(c)].\r\n\r\nDwell-rise-dwell\r\n\r\nAs may be seen in the follower-displacement verses cam angle diagram, shown in Figure 1.55(d) in this cam, the fall is sudden which necessities an enormous amount of force for this to take place.\r\n\r\ntypes of cam dwell rise dwell\r\nAccording to Type of Constraint of the Follower\r\nPre-loaded Spring Cam\r\n\r\nFor its proper working there should be contact between the cam and the follower throughout its working, and it is achieved utilizing a pre-loaded spring as shown in Figures 1.48(a) and (b), etc.\r\n\r\nPositive Drive Cam\r\n\r\nIn this case, the contact between the cam and the follower is maintained by providing a roller at the operating end of the follower. This roller operates in the groove provided in the cam. The follower cannot come out of the groove, as shown in Figures 1.52 to 1.54.\r\n\r\nGravity Drive Cam\r\n\r\nIn this type of cam, the lift or rise of the follower is achieved by the rising surface of the cam (Figure 1.48(c)) and the follower returns or falls due to force of gravity of the follower. Such types of cams cannot be relied upon due to their uncertain characteristics.\r\n\r\nRead also :Cam and Follower | Definition , types , Nomenclature Of Cam\r\nClassification of Followers\r\nFollowers may be classified in three different ways :\r\n(a) Depending upon the type of motion, i.e. reciprocating or oscillating.\r\n(b) Depending upon the axis of the motion, i.e. radial or offset.\r\n(c) Depending upon the shape of their contacting end with the cam.\r\n\r\nThose of followers falling under classification (a) and (b) have already been dealt with as indicated above. Followers of type (c) will be taken up now.\r\n\r\nDepending upon the Shape of their Contacting End with the Cam\r\n\r\nUnder this classification followers may be divided into three types :\r\n(a) Knife-edge Follower (Figure 1.55(a))\r\n(b) Roller Follower (Figure 1.55(b))\r\n(c) Flat or Mushroom Follower (Figure 1.56(c))\r\n\r\nKnife-edge Follower\r\n\r\nKnife-edge followers are generally, not used because of the obvious high rate of wear at the knife edge. However, cam of any shape can be worked with it. During working, considerable side thrust exists between the follower and the guide.\r\n\r\nRoller Follower\r\n\r\nIn place of a knife-edge, a roller is provided at the contacting end of the follower, hence, the name roller follower. Instead of sliding motion between the contacting surface of the follower and the cam, rolling motion takes place, with the result that the rate of wear is greatly reduced. In roller followers also, as in knife-edge follower, side thrust is exerted on the follower guide. Roller followers are extensively used in stationary gas and oil engines. They are also used in aircraft engines due to their limited wear at high cam velocity.\r\n\r\nWhile working on the concave surface of a cam the radius of the surface must be at least equal to the radius of the roller.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Roller Follower over Knife Edge Follower\u00a0\r\n\r\na) Roller follower has less wear and tear than knife edge follower.\r\nb) Side thrust is less as compared to knife edge follower.\r\nc) Power required for driving the cam is less due to less frictional force between cam and follower\r\nd) Function is smooth\r\ne) Life of Cam-follower arrangement is more\r\nf) Surface of cam not damaged in roller follower due to rolling\r\ng) No possibility of noise\r\n\r\ntypes of followers\r\n\r\nFlat or Mushroom Follower\r\n\r\nAt the name implies the contacting end of the follower is flat as shown. In mushroom followers there is no side thrust on the guide except that due to friction at the contact of the cam and the follower. No doubt that there will be sliding motion between the contacting surface of the follower and the cam but the wear can be considerably reduced by off-setting the axis of the followers as shown in Figure 1.56(c)(i). The off-setting provided causes the follower to rotate about its axis when the cam rotates.\r\n\r\nFlat face follower is used where the space is limited. That is why it is used to operate valves of automobile engines. Where sufficient space is available as in stationary gas and oil engines, roller follower is used as mentioned above. The flat-faced follower is generally preferred to the roller follower because of the compulsion of having to use a small diameter of the pin in the roller of the roller follower.\r\n\r\nIn flat followers, high surface stresses are produced in the flat contacting surface. To minimize these stresses, a spherical shape is given to the flat end, as shown in Figure 1.56(d). The curved faced or spherical faced followers are used in automobile engines.\r\nWith flat followers, it is obvious, essential that the working surface of the cam should be convex everywhere.\r\n\r\nRead More ;\u00a0Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine\r\nTerminology of Cam and Follower - CAM PARTS\u00a0\r\nThe Cam Profile\r\n\r\nThe working contour of a cam which comes into contact with the follower to operate it is known as the cam profile. In Figure 1.57, A-B-C-D-A is the cam profile or the working contour.\r\n\r\ncam parts\r\n\r\nThe Base Circle\r\n\r\nThe smallest circle, drawn from the center of rotation of a cam, which forms part of the cam profile, is known as the base circle and its radius is called the least radius of the cam. A circle with center O and of radius OA forms the base circle. The size of a cam depends upon the size of the base circle.\r\n\r\nThe Tracing Point\r\n\r\nThe point of the follower from which the profile of a cam is determined is called the tracing point. In the case of a knife-edge follower, the knife-edge itself is the tracing point. In roller followers, the center of the roller is the tracing point.\r\n\r\nThe Pitch Curve\r\n\r\nThe locus or path of the tracing point is known as the pitch curve. In knife-edge followers, the pitch curve itself will be the cam profile. In roller follower, the cam profile will be determined by subtracting the radius of the roller radially throughout the pitch curve.\r\n\r\nThe Prime Circle\r\n\r\nThe smallest circle drawn to the pitch curve from the center of rotation of the cam is called the prime circle. In knife-edge followers, the base circle and the prime circle are the same. In roller follower, the radius of the prime circle is the base circle radius plus the radius of the roller.\r\n\r\nThe Lift or Stroke\r\n\r\nIt is the maximum displacement of the follower from the base circle of the cam. It is also called as the throw of the cam. In Figure 1.57, distance B'B and C'C is the lift, for the roller follower.\r\n\r\nThe Angles of Ascent, Dwell, Descent and Action\r\n\r\n \tRefer Figure 1.57, the angle covered by a cam for the follower to rise from its lowest position to the highest position is called the angle of ascent denoted as \u03b81.\r\n \tThe angle covered by the cam during which the follower remains at rest at its highest position is called the angle of dwell, denoted by \u03b82.\r\n \tThe angle covered by the cam, for the follower to fall from its highest position to the lowest position is called the angle of descent denoted as \u03b83.\r\n \tThe total angle moved by the cam for the follower to return to its lowest position after the period of ascent, dwell and descent is called the angle of the action. It is the sum of \u03b81, \u03b82 and \u03b83.\r\n\r\nThe Pressure Angle\r\n\r\nThe angle included between the normal to the pitch curve at any point and the line of motion of the follower at the point is known as the pressure angle. This angle represents the steepness of the cam profile and as such it is very important in cam design.\r\n\r\nThe Pitch Point\r\n\r\nThe point on the pitch curve having the maximum pressure angle is known as the pitch point.\r\n\r\nThe Cam Angle\r\n\r\nIt is the angle of rotation of the cam for a certain displacement of the follower.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTheory of Machine Article , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nMilling Machine Projects List, Abstract\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Cam and Follower : Types , Diagram , Parts , Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/types-of-cam-300x196.jpg","height":196,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/metal-forming-basic-types-diagram-classification/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/types-of-forming-rolling-extrusion-forging-drawing-min-300x217.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Metal Forming: Basic, Types , Diagram , Classification</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/metal-forming-basic-types-diagram-classification/">Metal Forming: Basic, Types , Diagram , Classification</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Metal Forming - Introduction
Metal forming is a very important manufacturing operation. It enjoys industrial importance among various production operations due to its advantages such as...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/metal-forming-basic-types-diagram-classification/" aria-label="View Post: Metal Forming: Basic, Types , Diagram , Classification">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Metal Forming: Basic, Types , Diagram , Classification","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/metal-forming-basic-types-diagram-classification\/","articleBody":"Metal Forming - Introduction\r\nMetal forming is a very important manufacturing operation. It enjoys industrial importance among various production operations due to its advantages such as cost-effectiveness, enhanced mechanical properties, flexible operations, higher productivity, considerable material saving.\r\n\r\nThe objects and articles that we use in our daily life are man-made, engineered parts, which are obtained from some raw material through some manufacturing process. All these objects are made of several small components assembled into the finished product. The pen that we use for writing, for example is made of several small parts, assembled. An automobile is supposed to be an assembly of more than 15000 parts, produced through various manufacturing operations.\r\nManufacturing of finished parts and components from raw materials is one of the most important steps in production. Production encompasses all types of manufacturing processes. Manufacturing refers to the conversion of raw materials into finished products employing suitable techniques.\r\n\r\nThere are several methods of manufacturing such as metal casting, metal forming, metal machining, metal joining and finishing. Some of the modern methods of manufacturing include micromachining, nanofabrication, ultra-precision manufacturing, etc. To fulfill the requirements of the ever-increasing demands of various types of industries, the manufacturing engineer has to choose the right type of material and the right type of equipment for manufacture so that the cost of production and the energy consumption is minimum. The selection of a suitable manufacturing process should also include concerns for environmental impacts such as air pollution, waste disposal, etc.\r\n\r\nModern concepts such as lean manufacturing, adaptive control, agile manufacturing, group technology, etc have considerable influence on cost reduction and quality improvements of products. Computers and robots play an important role in modern manufacturing techniques, today. Modeling and simulation of the process before mass production helps the manufacturing engineer fix up the best operating parameters and hence achieve the finished product to the utmost level of quality and cost-effectiveness. The present course is focused on one of the important methods of manufacturing, namely, metal forming.\r\nMetal forming \u2013 definition:\r\n\r\n \tMaterials are converted into finished products through different manufacturing processes. Manufacturing processes are classified into shaping [casting], forming, joining, and coating, dividing, machining and modifying material property.\r\n \tOf these manufacturing processes, forming is a widely used process that finds applications in automotive, aerospace, defense and other industries.\r\n\r\ntypes of forming\r\n\r\n \tWrought forms of materials are produced through bulk or sheet forming operations. Cast products are made through shaping \u2013 molding, and casting.\r\n \tA typical automobile uses formed parts such as wheel rims, car body, valves, rolled shapes for chassis, stamped oil pan, etc.\r\n \tIn our daily life we use innumerable formed products e.g. cooking vessels, toothpaste containers, bicycle bodies, chains, tube fitting, fan blades, etc.\r\n \tForming is the process of obtaining the required shape and size on the raw material by subjecting the material to plastic deformation through the application of tensile force, compressive force, bending or shear force or combinations of these forces.\r\n\r\nClassification of forming:\r\nTypically, metal forming processes can be classified into two broad groups.\r\n\r\n \t\r\nBulk Forming Processes -\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nOne is bulk-forming and the other is sheet metal forming. Bulk deformation refers to the use of raw materials for forming which have a low surface area to volume ratio. Rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing are bulk forming processes. In bulk deformation processing methods, the nature of force applied may be compressive, compressive and tensile, shear or a combination of these forces.\r\n\r\nBulk-forming is accomplished in forming presses with the help of a set of tool and die. Examples for products produced by bulk-forming are gears, bushed, valves, engine parts such as valves, connecting rods, hydraulic valves, etc.\r\n2. Sheet Metal Processes -\r\nSheet metal forming involves the application of tensile or shear forces predominantly. Working upon sheets, plates and strips mainly constitutes sheet forming. Sheet metal operations are mostly carried out in presses \u2013 hydraulic or pneumatic. A set of tools called die and punch are used for the sheet working operations. Bending, drawing, shearing, blanking, punching are some of the sheet metal operations.\r\n3. Powder Metal Forming :\r\nA new class of forming process called powder forming is gaining importance due to its unique capabilities. One of the important merits of powder forming is its ability to produce parts very near to final dimensions with minimum material wastage. It is called near-net-shape forming. Material compositions can be adjusted to suit the desirable mechanical properties. The formability of sintered metals is greater than conventional wrought materials. However, the challenge in powder forming continues to be the complete elimination or near-complete elimination of porosity. Porosity reduces the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance and enhances the risk of premature failure of components\r\nBased on the nature of deformation force applied on the material, during forming, metal forming processes are also classified into several types as shown below:\r\n\r\n \tForming by compressive stress\r\n\u2022Open Die Forging\r\n\u2022Closed Die Forging\r\n\u2022Rolling\r\n\u2022Coining\r\n\u2022Extrusion\r\n \tTensile and compressive stresses\r\n\u2022Deep drawing\r\n\u2022Spinning\r\n\u2022Stripping\r\n\u2022Wrinkle bulging\r\n \tForming under Tensile stress\r\n\u2022Stretch forming\r\n\u2022Stretching\r\n\u2022Expanding\r\n \tBending and shearing stresses\r\n\u2022Bending\r\n\u2022Shearing\r\n\u2022Punching\r\n\u2022Blanking\r\n\r\nMetal forming processes are also classified into two types according to the type of workpiece. They are bulk forming processes and sheet metal forming processes. Each category includes several major classes of shaping operations.\r\nBulk Deformation Processes:\r\nBulk deformation processes are generally characterized by significant deformations and massive shape changes, and the surface area-to-volume of the work is relatively small. The term bulk describes the work parts that have this low area-to-volume ratio. Starting work shapes for these processes include cylindrical billets and rectangular bars. The figure illustrates different bulk deformation processes.\r\n\r\ntypes of forming - rolling extrusion forging drawing\r\n\r\nRolling : \r\n\r\nThis is a compressive deformation process in which the thickness of a slab or plate is reduced by two opposing cylindrical tools called rolls. The rolls rotate to draw the work into the gap between them and squeeze it.\r\n\r\nForging: \r\n\r\nIn forging, a workpiece is compressed between two opposing dies, so that the die shapes are imparted to the work. Forging is traditionally a hot working process, but many types of forging are performed cold.\r\n\r\nExtrusion:\r\n\r\nThis is a compression process in which the work metal is forced to flow through a die opening, thereby taking the shape of the opening as its cross-section.\r\n\r\nDrawing:\r\n\r\nIn this forming process, the diameter of a round wire or bar is reduced by pulling it through a die opening.\r\nSheet Metalworking:\r\nSheet Metalworking: Sheet metalworking processes are forming and cutting operations performed on metal sheets, strips, and coils. The surface-area-to-volume ratio of the starting metal is high; thus, this ratio is a useful means to distinguish bulk deformation from sheet metal processes. Press working is the term often applied to sheet metal operations because the machines used to perform these operations are presses. Apart produced in a sheet metal operation is often called a stamping. Sheet metal operations are usually accomplished using a set of tools called a punch and die. The punch is the positive portion and the die is the negative portion of the toolset.\r\n\r\ntypes of forming sheet metal\r\n\r\nThe basic sheet metal operations are sketched in Figure\u00a0 and are defined as follows:\r\n\r\n \tBending: Bending involves the straining of a metal sheet or plate to take an angle along a (usually) straight axis.\r\n \tDrawing: In sheet metalworking, drawing refers to the forming of a flat metal sheet into a hollow or concave shape, such as a cup, by stretching the metal. A blank holder is used to hold down the blank while the punch pushes into the sheet metal, as shown in Figure.To distinguish this operation from bar and wire drawing, the terms cup drawing or deep drawing are often used.\r\n \tShearing: This process seems somewhat out-of-place in a list of deformation processes because it involves cutting rather than forming. A shearing operation cuts the work using a punch and die, as in Figure. Although it is not a forming process, it is included here because it is a necessary and very common operation in sheet metalworking.\r\n\r\nTemperature alters properties and behavior of materials during metal forming processes. An increase in temperature brings about a decrease in material strength, an increase in ductility and a decrease in the rate of strain hardening. These property changes are important because they result in lower forces and power during forming. Also, an increase in ductility at higher temperatures, allows greater plastic deformation of the work metal. We can distinguish three temperature ranges that are used in metal forming: cold, warm, and hot. According to these temperature ranges, metal forming processes are also classified as Cold working, warm working and hot working.\r\nCold Working:\r\nCold working (also known as cold forming) is metal forming performed at room temperature or slightly above. Cold working temperature is normally less than 0.3 Tm, where Tm is the melting point for the metal.\r\n\r\nSignificant advantages of cold forming compared to hot working are\r\n(1) greater accuracy, meaning closer tolerances can be achieved;\r\n(2) better surface finish;\r\n(3) higher strength and hardness of the part due to strain hardening;\r\n(4) grain flow during deformation provides the opportunity for desirable directional properties to be obtained in the resulting product; and\r\n(5) no heating of the work is required, which saves on furnace and fuel costs and permits higher production rates.\r\nOwing to this combination of advantages, many cold forming processes have become important mass-production operations. They provide close tolerances and good surfaces, minimizing the amount of machining required so that these operations can be classified as net shape or near-net shape processes.\r\n\r\nThere are certain disadvantages or limitations associated with cold forming operations:\r\n(1) higher forces and power are required to operate;\r\n(2) care must be taken to ensure that the surfaces of the starting workpiece are free of scale and dirt; and\r\n(3) ductility and strain hardening of the work metal limit the amount of forming that can be done to the part.\r\n\r\nIn some operations, the metal must be annealed to allow further deformation to be accomplished. To overcome the strain-hardening problem and reduce force and power requirements, many forming operations are performed at elevated temperatures. There are two elevated temperature ranges involved, giving rise to the terms warm working and hot working.\r\nWarm Working: \r\nBecause plastic deformation properties are normally enhanced by increasing workpiece temperature, forming operations are sometimes performed at temperatures somewhat above room temperature but below the recrystallization temperature. The temperature range for warm working is between 0.3 Tm to 0.5 Tm, where Tm is the melting point (absolute temperature) for the particular metal. The lower strength and strain hardening at the intermediate temperatures, as well as higher ductility, provide warm working with the following advantages over cold working:\r\n(1) lower forces and power,\r\n(2) more intricate work geometries possible, and\r\n(3) need for annealing may be reduced or eliminated.\r\nHot Working: \r\nHot-working (also called hot forming) involves deformation at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature. The recrystallization temperature for a given metal is about one-half of its melting point on the absolute scale. In practice, hot working is usually carried out at temperatures somewhat above 0.5Tm (but below 0.75 Tm). The work metal continues to soften as the temperature is increased beyond 0.5Tm, thus enhancing the advantage of hot working above this level. The most significant advantage of hot working is the capability to produce substantial plastic deformation of the metal\u2014far more than is possible with cold working or warm working. Following are the advantages of hot working relative to cold working:\r\n(1) the shape of the work part can be significantly altered,\r\n(2) lower forces and power are required to deform the metal,\r\n(3) metals that usually fracture in cold working can be hot formed,\r\n(4) strength properties are generally isotropic because of the absence of the oriented grain structure typically created in cold working, and\r\n(5) no strengthening of the part occurs from work hardening.\r\n\r\nThis last advantage may seem inconsistent since the strengthening of the metal is often considered an advantage for cold working. However, there are applications in which the metal shouldn't be work-hardened because it reduces ductility, for example, if the part is to be subsequently processed by cold forming. Disadvantages of hot working include\r\n(1) lower-dimensional accuracy,\r\n(2) higher total energy required (due to the thermal energy to heat the workpiece),\r\n(3) work surface oxidation (scale),\r\n(4) poorer surface finish, and\r\n(5) shorter tool life.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nTheoretical Project, Experimental Based projects\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Metal Forming: Basic, Types , Diagram , Classification","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-04-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/types-of-forming-rolling-extrusion-forging-drawing-min-300x217.png","height":217,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=11">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=10"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>10</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=11"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>11</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>12</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=13"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>13</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=14"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>14</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=13">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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