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Air conditioning is not a process of only heating or cooling to some desired temperature. Air conditioning is dealing with conditioning or controlling the air. The...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/air-conditioning-types/" aria-label="View Post: Air conditioning- Types, Diagram, Working, Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Air conditioning- Types, Diagram, Working, Applications","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/air-conditioning-types\/","articleBody":"Air conditioning - Introduction\r\nAir conditioning is not a process of only heating or cooling to some desired temperature. Air conditioning is dealing with conditioning or controlling the air. The complete process of air conditioning includes the following processes.\r\n\r\n1. Cooling or heating air\r\n2. Addition of moisture in the air (Humidification) or removal of moisture from the air (Dehumidification)\r\n3. Controlling movement of air\r\n4. Purification of air\r\n5. Addition of fresh air from outside\r\n6. Distribution of air\r\nAir Conditioning Definition :\r\nAir conditioning may be defined as simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, motion, and purity of air within an enclosed space.\r\nOR\r\nIt may also be defined as the science which deals with supply and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric condition irrespective of external condition\r\nPrinciple of air conditioning\r\nIn the air conditioning system, the device or unit provides air conditioning is called an air conditioner. This device continuously draws air from an indoor space which is required to cool, it cools in the refrigeration system and discharges back into the same indoor space. This continuous cyclic process of drawing, cooling, and recirculation of the cooled air maintains indoor space cool at the required lower temperature which is required for comfort cooling.\r\nComponents of the air conditioning system\r\nThe basic components of the air conditioning system are,\r\n1. Fans: For circulation of air\r\n2. Filters: For cleaning air\r\n3. Heating element: Heating of air (It may be an electric heater, steam, hot water)\r\n4. Control system: It regulates automatically the amount of cooling or heating.\r\n5. Grille: It adjusts the direction of conditioned air to the room.\r\n6. Tray: It collects condensed water\r\nClassification of Air conditioning system \/ Types Of Air Conditioning System :\r\n1. According to the arrangement of equipment\r\n\r\na. Unitary Air Conditioning System\r\n\r\nIn this system different component of air conditioning system is manufactured and assembled as a unit in a factory. This unit is installed in or near to space to be conditioned.\r\nExample: Window air conditioner and Split air conditioner\r\n\r\nb. Central Air Conditioning System\r\n\r\nIn this system different components are manufactured in a factory and assembled at the site. This type of system is used for conditioning of air in theatres, cinemas, restaurants, exhibition halls, big factory space, etc.\r\n\r\nIn the central air conditioning system all the components are group together in one central room and conditioned air then distributed from the central room to the required places through the extension duct system. The main components of the central system are compressor with motor drive, condenser with cooling coil, throttling devices. This system used large capacity units. (above 25 tons).\r\nThe central air conditioning either direct or indirect type.\r\n\r\n2. According to the purpose\r\n\r\na. Comfort air conditioning system\r\nb. Industrial air conditioning system\r\n\r\n3. According to the season of the year\r\n\r\na. Winter air conditioning system\r\nb. Summer air conditioning system\r\nc.Year-Round Air Conditioning System \u00a0\r\n\r\n4. According to Working substance used in the system:\r\n\r\na. All Air system.\r\nb. Chilled water system\r\nc. Air-water system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nYear-Round Air Conditioning System \u00a0\r\nThe arrangement of the year-round air conditioning system is as shown in fig. The amount of outdoor fresh air and recirculated air is controlled by the motor. The air conditioner designed such that when the outdoor air temperature is either above or below a certain selected value, it assumes the season as summer or winter respectively.\r\nIn the summer season, bypass damper is almost closed and most of the air passes through the cooling coil. The cooling coil may be evaporator of the refrigeration system or coil through which chilled water is passed. All air is passed through the heating coil. In the winter season, bypass damper is in an almost open position. Most of the air is directly passed to the heating coil bypassing the cooling coil.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nyear around air conditioning system diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWinter air conditioning System\u00a0\r\nIn winter air conditioning, the air is heated which is generally followed by humidification. The schematic arrangement of the system is shown in Fig. The outside air flows through a damper and mixes up with the re-circulated air (which is obtained from the conditioned space). The mixed air passes through a filter to remove dirt, dust, and other impurities. The air now passes through a preheat coil in order to prevent the possible freezing of water and to control the evaporation of water in the humidifier. After that, the air is made to pass through a reheat coil to bring the air to the designed dry bulb temperature. Now, the conditioned air is supplied to the conditioned space by a fan. From the conditioned space, a part of the used air is exhausted to the atmosphere by the exhaust fans or ventilators. The remaining part of the used air (Known as re-circulated air) is again conditioned as shown in Fig. The outside air is sucked and made to mix with re-circulated air, in order to make up for the loss of conditioned (or used) air through exhaust fans or ventilation from the conditioned space.\r\n\r\nwinter air conditioning system diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSummer Air conditioning System\r\nThis system is used in summer air conditioning applications. In this system air is cooled and generally dehumidified. The schematic diagram is shown in figure. The outside air flows through the damper and mixes up with recirculated air .which is obtained from air-conditioned space. The mixed air passes through a filter to remove dirt, dust, and other impurities. The air now passes through the cooling coil. The coil has a temperature much less than the required dry bulb temperature of the air in the conditioned space. The cooled air passes through a perforated membrane and loses its moisture in the condensed form which is collected in a sump. Air now passes through a heating coil which heats up\r\nthe air slightly, in order to bring air to requisite DBT and relative humidity. Now conditioned air passes to conditioned space by a fan. From the conditioned space the part of air is exhausted to atmosphere by exhaust fans or ventilators. The remaining part of the used air or recirculated air is again conditioned as shown in the figure. The outside air is sucked and made to mix with recirculated air in order to make up for the loss of conditioned or used air through exhaust fans or ventilators from conditioned space.\r\n\r\nsummer air conditioning system diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRoom air conditioner\r\nRoom air conditioner consists of a casing which is divided into two parts by a vertical partition i.e. outdoor part and indoor part.\r\nThe indoor part fitted into the room which consists of an evaporator, motor-driven fan, expansion device, and control planet, an air filter, power connection, and tray. The condenser is connected to the evaporator by a capillary tube through a filter. The evaporator is connected to the compressor by suction pipeline and the compressor is connected to the condenser by discharge pipeline.\r\n\r\nRoom Air Conditioner Diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWindow air conditioner\r\nThe window air conditioner mainly used for conditioning of air in the room. Commonly it is mounted in a window, hence it is known as a window air conditioner.\r\n\r\nThe window air conditioner unit consists of the following components as shown in fig\u00a0\r\n\r\nRefrigeration unit\r\nEvaporator\/cooling coil, condenser, compressor, expansion device Air circulation fan\r\n\r\nwindows air conditioning diagram\r\n\r\nWorking\r\n\r\nThe hot air coming from room is flowing on the evaporator (cooling coil), the cooling coil absorbs heat from the air. The moisture of air gets removed on the cooling coil surface by the process of condensation of air. Thus the air is cooled and dehumidified to meet the requirement of comfort air conditioning in the room. The filter cleans the air coming from the room before passes through the cooling coil. The tray is provided below the cooling coil (evaporator) to collect moisture which condenses from the recirculation of air.\r\nThe flow of hot air (from the room) and cooled air (to room) is taking place by the evaporator blower. The refrigerating unit provides a cooling effect at the evaporator. The condenser fan circulates air on the outside of condenser tubes, the refrigerant in condenser rejects heat to outside atmospheric air. Necessary fresh air is allowed to mix with the recalculated room air to meet the ventilation requirement. Ventilation air is controlled by ventilation damper. The room -temperature is controlled by a thermostat using an on-off power supply to the compressor motor.\r\n\r\nLimitations\r\n\r\n \tIt produces noise in the room because of the compressor is very near to the room.\r\n \tThe evaporator and condenser are enclosed in a single unit. Therefore evaporator cannot be used as an interior of room because condenser requires outside air for cooling.\r\n \tIt requires an appropriate size of window or hole in the wall to fit the conditioner.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSplit air conditioner\r\nIt is a modification of the window air conditioner.\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\n\r\nThis unit differs from the window air conditioner. In terms of splits of the unit into two parts. In the split air conditioner, the window air conditioner divided (split) into two parts.\r\n\r\nFirst part: Includes the evaporator, filter, evaporator fan, and grille (cooling coil). They placed inside the room.\r\n\r\nSecond part: Includes condenser, condenser fan, and compressor. This placed outside the room.\r\n\r\nThe first part (inside of the room) and the second part (outside of the room) are connected by small diameter tubes. Therefore, a small hole required in the wall for the installation of a split air conditioner.\r\n\r\nsplit air conditioner diagram\r\n\r\nThe advantages of a split air conditioner over a window air conditioner\r\n\r\n \tThe compressor is outside of the room, therefore no compressor noise in the room.\r\n \tNo window opening and fixing needed.\r\n \tThe compressor is outside of the room, therefore no compressor noise in the room.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAutomobile air conditioning system.\r\nAir conditioners work on the principle that \"liquids absorb heat when they become a vapor (evaporate). Low-pressure R134a vapor entering the compressor is compressed to become high pressure\/temperature R134a vapor. This is then circulated along with lubricant oil to the condenser. As the high pressure\/temperature vapor travels through the condenser, heat is released to the cooler ambient air passing over the condenser tubes condensing the vapor into a liquid. This high pressure\/temperature liquid then travels through the filter drier onto the expansion valve where a small variable orifice provides a restriction against which compressor pushes.\r\n\r\nSuction from the compressor pulls the high pressure\/temperature liquid R134a through small variable orifice of the TX valve and into the low-pressure side of the A\/C system. The R134a is now under low pressure\/temperature vapor where heat from the cabin being blown over the evaporator coil surface is absorbed into the colder low-pressure refrigerant The R134a is then pulled through the evaporator and into the compressor.\r\n\r\nautomobile air conditioning diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference Between Central Air conditioning and Unitary Air Conditioning :\u00a0\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. No. Central Air ConditioningUnitary Air Conditioning\n\n\n\n\n\t1.Ton capacity is more than 40 Ton of refrigerationTon capacity is less than 25 Ton of refrigeration\n\n\n\t2.Mass flow rate of air handled is around 2000 m3\/minThe mass flow rate of air handled is less.\n\n\n\t3.Central air conditioning is located in the basement or outside the building.Unitary air conditioning is located in every room which required to be air-conditioned.\n\n\n\t4.Central air conditioning is quite in operation as noise-making components are located outside.Unitary air conditioning may be noisy. It is quite in operation if used as a split unit.\n\n\n\t5.All the rooms are required to be maintained at more or less similar conditions.Each room can be maintained at different conditions.\n\n\n\t6.It requires duct design and installation.No duct design and installation is required.\n\n\n\t7.The capital cost of central air conditioning equipment is less.The capital cost of unitary air conditioning equipment is more.\n\n\n\t8.Maintenance is convenient and easy.Maintenance is difficult.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications of air conditioning system.\r\n1.Laboratories: to make precise measurements\r\n\r\n2. Printing Industry: Specific temperature and humidity are maintained in the printing industry. Paper becomes too dry in low humidity and improper stamping takes place. Paper swell in high humidity and ink spreads as well as taken time to dry causing non-uniform printing.\r\n\r\n3.Textile Industry: Relative humidity and temperature are the key factors of the textile industry. Humidity has an effect on strength, quality of fabric to make them soft and reliable instead of brittle and weak.\r\n\r\n4.Pharmaceutical: industry needs refrigeration to reduce air borne bacteria and dirt to preserve products\r\n\r\n5. Photographic- Industry Provides accurate control of temperature, humidity for manufacturing as well as processing in photographic films.\r\n6. Machine tools Industry -\u00a0 The Same machining processes requires accurate temperature and humidity. Ex. Processing in manufacturing of bearing, scientific instruments, electronic devices test gauges, and precision gears, etc. where close tolerance of dimensions is required.\r\n7. Farm Animals\r\n8. Computer Rooms:\r\n\r\nIndustry Air-conditioning - Used to control the condition of the atmosphere required to carry out industrial processes most efficiently, economically with better quality. Ex-Textile mills, paper mills, printing and photo processing plants, etc.\r\n\r\nComfort Air-conditioning - It is provided for the ultimate comfort of human being Ex-airconditioning system at home, office, etc. In this case, the stay time of occupants is prolonged.\r\n\r\nCommercial Air-conditioning - It is similar to comfort air-conditioning except that the stay time of occupant is short. Ex-air-conditioning system is the bank, departmental store, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Air conditioning- Types, Diagram, Working, Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 10, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/year-around-air-conditioning-system-diagram-300x168.jpg","height":168,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/bomb-calorimeter/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bomb-calorimeter-diagram-300x277.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Bomb calorimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Formula</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/bomb-calorimeter/">Bomb calorimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Formula</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Calorimeter- Introduction 
What is Calorimeter?
A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/bomb-calorimeter/" aria-label="View Post: Bomb calorimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Formula">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Bomb calorimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Formula","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/bomb-calorimeter\/","articleBody":"Calorimeter- Introduction\u00a0\r\nWhat is Calorimeter?\r\nA calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters, and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber. It is one of the measurement devices used in the study of thermodynamics, chemistry, and biochemistry.\r\n\r\nThe different calorimeters types are given below:\r\n\r\n \tAdiabatic Calorimeters\r\n \tReaction Calorimeters\r\n \tBomb Calorimeters (Constant Volume Calorimeters)\r\n \tConstant Pressure Calorimeters\r\n \tDifferential Scanning Calorimeters\r\n\r\nDefinition of Bomb Calorimeters:\r\nThe calorific value of solid and liquid fuels is determined in the laboratory by \u2018Bomb calorimeter\u2019 It is so named shape resembles that of a bomb.Fig shows the schematic sketch of the bomb calorimeter.\r\nConstruction of Bomb Calorimeters :\r\nThe calorimeter is made of austenitic steel which provides considerable resistance to corrosion and enables it to withstand high pressure. In the calorimeter use of a strong cylindrical bomb in which combustion occurs. The bomb has two values at the top. One supplies oxygen to the bomb and the other releases the exhaust gases. A crucible in which a weighed quantity of fuel sample is burnt is arranged between the two electrodes as shown in fig. The calorimeter is fitted with a water jacket that surrounds the bomb To reduce the losses due to radiation calorimeter is further provided with a jacket of water and air. A stirrer for keeping the temperature of water uniform and a thermometer the temperature up to the accuracy of 0.001 degree C is fitted through the lid of the calorimeter.\r\nCalorimeter Diagram\u00a0\r\n Bomb calorimeter diagram\r\nWorking of Bomb Calorimeters:\r\nThe calorimeter is made of austenitic steel which provides considerable resistance to corrosion and enables it to withstand high pressure. In the calorimeter use of a strong cylindrical bomb in which combustion occurs. The bomb has two values at the top. One supplies oxygen to the bomb and the other releases the exhaust gases. A crucible in which a weighed quantity of fuel sample is burnt is arranged between the two electrodes as shown in fig. The calorimeter is fitted with a water jacket that surrounds the bomb To reduce the losses due to radiation calorimeter is further provided with a jacket of water and air. A stirrer for keeping the temperature of water uniform and a thermometer the temperature up to the accuracy of 0.001 degree C is fitted through the lid of the calorimeter. The heat released by the fuel on combustion is absorbed by the surrounding water and the calorimeter. From the above data the calorific value of the fuel can be found.\r\nBomb Calorimeter Formula :\r\nDulong\u2019s formula used to calculate the theoretical calorific value of fuel if the ultimate analysis is available and the calorific value of elementary combustibles is known.\r\nTheoretical calorific Value of fuel = 33800 C + 144500 ( H2 - ( O2\/8 ) ) +9300\u00a0 kJ\/kg\r\nWhere C, H2 O2 &amp; S repents the mass of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in kJ\/Kg\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Bomb calorimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Formula","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 10, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Bomb-calorimeter-diagram-300x277.jpg","height":277,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cryocoolers/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/pulse-tube-refrigerator-diagram-300x222.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Cryocoolers &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cryocoolers/">Cryocoolers &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Cryocoolers - Introduction  Cryocoolers are small refrigerators that can reach cryogenic temperatures and provide refrigeration in the temperature range 10 K to 120 K.
 A refrigerator designed...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/cryocoolers/" aria-label="View Post: Cryocoolers &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Cryocoolers &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/cryocoolers\/","articleBody":"Cryocoolers - Introduction\r\n\r\n \tCryocoolers are small refrigerators that can reach cryogenic temperatures and provide refrigeration in the temperature range 10 K to 120 K.\r\n \tA refrigerator designed to reach cryogenic temperatures is often called a cryocooler.\r\n \tIn most cases cryocoolers use a cryogenic fluid as the working substance and employ moving parts to cycle the fluid around a thermodynamic cycle. The fluid is typically compressed at room temperature, precooled in a heat exchanger, then expanded at some low temperature. The returning low-pressure fluid passes through the heat exchanger to precool the high-pressure fluid before entering the compressor intake. The cycle is then repeated.\r\n \tCryocoolers do not use the Claude\/Collins cycles used by large refrigeration plants but use alternative cycles.\r\n\r\nDepending on the end-use application, the basic requirements, as given below, have to be satisfied by the Cryocooler.\r\n\r\n \tLess weight and small volume.\r\n \tFast cool down time and vibrationless operation.\r\n \tMore Mean time between maintenance (MTBM), Mean time between failure (MTBF) and Mean time to failure (MTTF).\r\n\r\nTypes of Cryocooler\r\nCryocooler may be classified as follows :\r\n\r\n \tHeat exchangers and regenerators\r\n \tRegenerative \r\n \tRecuperative\r\n \tStirling refrigerators\r\n \tGifford - McMahon refrigerators\r\n \tPulse Tube refrigerators\r\n \tJoule - Thomson refrigerators\r\n\r\nHeat exchangers and regenerators\r\n\r\n \tHeat exchangers\u00a0are important components of all cryocoolers. A heat exchanger is a device in which the warm fluid gets cooled due to heat exchange with the cold fluid.\r\n \tIn most of the cases, the process of heat exchange occurs at a constant pressure.\r\n \tIt can either be a regenerative or recuperative type of heat exchanger depending on the kind of heat exchange between the fluids.\r\n\r\nRecuperative Heat exchanger\r\n\r\n\u2022 In a recuperative heat exchanger, the flow direction of two fluids is constant and is simultaneous.\r\n\u2022 The two fluids are separated by a solid boundary across which the warm and cold fluids exchange heat. \r\n\r\nRegenerative Heat exchanger\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u2022 In a regenerative heat exchanger, a matrix is used as an intermediate heat exchange medium between the warm and cold fluids.\r\n\u2022 The flow is periodic in nature alternating between the warm and cold fluids across the matrix.\r\n\u2022 It is important to note that, it is an example of indirect heat transfer.\r\nPulse Tube Refrigerator\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nThe idea of a pulse tube was first proposed by Gifford and Longsworth in 1961. The effects of sudden expansion and release of refrigerant gas are employed to get a refrigeration effect. Refer to the figure for the circuit of pulse-tube refrigeration. K. Pulse tube cooler is one kind of\r\ncryocooler. The use of pulse tube has been propelled by many requirements of modern-day applications such as adequate refrigeration at specified temperature with low power input, long lifetime, reliable and maintenance-free operation with minimum vibration and noise, compactness, and lightweight\r\nTypes of Pulse Tube Refrigerator:\r\nA. Basic Pulse Tube Refrigerator\r\nB. Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator\r\nC. Double Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator\r\nD. Inertance Tube Pulse Tube Refrigerator\r\nWorking of Pulse Tube Refrigerator :\r\nThe apparatus consists of a high-pressure gas source, which supplies gas at a temperature equal to the ambient temperature to the base of the pulse tube. Now compressed air is supplied from the air compressor. The compressed air enters the vortex tube through a valve. Further, compressed gas is allowed to enter the pulse tube. Now, the compressed gas acts on an imaginary piston i.e. the separating air column. Thus, the gas inside the pulse tube gets compressed resulting in an increase in the temperature in the pulse tube from top to bottom.\r\n\r\npulse tube refrigerator diagram\r\n\r\nThe maximum temperature is at the base. A coolant is circulated to remove heat from the gas, which is now compressed at the base. The coolant rejects heat absorbed to a coolant tank and is pumped back to the pulse tube. Due to cooling by the coolant, gas temperature reduces.\r\nNow, the supply of high-pressure gas is stopped and the inlet valve is closed. The exhaust valve now opens and gas is exhausted lowering temperature inside the tube. A detailed sketch of the pulse tube is shown below in figure . and the temperature profile is shown in the figure.\r\n\r\npulse tube working and temperature profile\r\n\r\nThis lowered temperature causes the refrigerating effect. The air leaving the pulse tube also becomes cooler. It is possible to use this cool air to cool down hot compressed air entering the pulse tube with the help of a heat exchanger. This further lowers the temperature of the pulse tube. Temperature as low as 190\u00b0K is achieved by the pulse tube. Thus, a pulse tube is a preferred choice if cooling is to be done in areas with low power generation capacities.\r\nAdvantages of Pulse Tube\r\n1) Less moving parts, so no maintenance and fewer losses\r\n2) Low power consumption\r\n3) Multi staging is possible.\r\n4) Longer life\r\n5) No lubrication required\r\n6) Can be used instead of cryogenic cycles\r\nDisadvantages of Pulse Tube\r\n1) Poor coefficient of performance (COP)\r\n2) COP depends on the length of the tube\r\n3) Tubes costly to manufacture.\r\nApplication Of Pulse Tube Refrigerator ;\r\n\r\n \tLiquefaction of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, natural gas.\r\n \tSQUID magnetometers.\r\n \tCooling of super-conducting magnets.\r\n \tCooling of infrared sensors for missile guidance.\r\n \tCryo vacuum pumps.\r\n \tCryosurgery.\r\n \tCooling of high-temperature superconductors and semiconductors.\r\n \tGamma-ray sensors for monitoring nuclear activity.\r\n \t Preservation of biological materials, blood, biological specimens, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReference :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \thttps:\/\/uspas.fnal.gov\/materials\/19NewMexico\/Cryo\/2019%20USPAS%20Lecture%2019.pdf\r\n \thttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryocooler\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Cryocoolers &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 9, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/pulse-tube-refrigerator-diagram-300x222.jpg","height":222,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/boiler-mountings/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Steam-stop-valve-diagram-213x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Boiler Mountings &#8211; Functions, Parts, Diagram, Working</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/boiler-mountings/">Boiler Mountings &#8211; Functions, Parts, Diagram, Working</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Boiler Mountings - Introduction
These are different fittings and devices which are necessary for the operation and safety of a boiler. Normally these devices are mounted on boiler shell.
Functions...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/boiler-mountings/" aria-label="View Post: Boiler Mountings &#8211; Functions, Parts, Diagram, Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Boiler Mountings &#8211; Functions, Parts, Diagram, Working","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/boiler-mountings\/","articleBody":"Boiler Mountings - Introduction\r\nThese are different fittings and devices which are necessary for the operation and safety of a boiler. Normally these devices are mounted on boiler shell.\r\nFunctions Of Boiler Mounting: \r\nThese are the fittings that are mounted on the boiler for its proper functioning. They include water level indicator, pressure, gauge, safety valve, etc. It may be noted a boiler cannot function safely without the mounting.\r\n\r\nAccording to IBR the following are the list of mountings should be fitted to the boilers.\r\n\r\n1. Water level indicators\/Water Gauge\r\n2. A pressure gauge\r\n3. Safety valves\r\n4. A Steam stop valve or Junction Valve\r\n5. A feed check valve\r\n6. A blow-off cock\r\n7. Fusible plug\r\n8. A manhole, Mud holes or sight holes\r\n9. Steam Scrubbers\/Anti-priming pipe\r\n10.Air vents and vacuum breakers\r\n11.Soot blowers\r\nMain Boiler Mountings and their Functions :\u00a0\r\n\n\n\n\n\tBoiler mountings:Function\n\n\n\n\n\t1) Feed check valveTo allow water flow into boiler\n\n\n\t2) water level indicatorTo check water level in boiler drum\n\n\n\t3) Blow off cockTo pass water away from boiler for maintenance purpose\n\n\n\t4) Pressure GaugeTo measure steam pressure generated in boiler drum\n\n\n\t5) Steam Stop ValveTo control flow of steam to turbine\n\n\n\t6) Safety ValveTo relieve excess steam from boiler drum generated at high pressure\n\n\n\t7) Fusible PlugTo extinguish fire in furnace by allowing spray of water by melting molten material\n\n\n\n\r\nWater level indicators\r\nFunction\r\n\r\nIt is an important fitting, which indicates the water level inside the boiler to an observer. It is a safety device, upon which the correct working of the boiler depends. This fitting may be seen in front of the boiler, and are generally two in number.\r\n\r\nNumber and Location: Normally two water level indicators\/water gauge are fitted in front of the boiler.\r\n\r\nConstruction of Water level indicator :\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt consists of three cocks and a glass tube. Stem Cock 1 keeps the glass tube in connection with the steam space. Water cock 2 puts the glass tube in connection with the water in the boiler. Drain cock 3 is used at frequent intervals to ascertain that the steam and water cocks are clear.\r\n\r\nDiagram of Water level Indicator :\r\n\r\nwater level indicator diagram\r\n\r\nWorking of Water level indicator :\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn the working of a steam boiler and for the proper functioning of the water level indicator, the steam and water cocks are opened and the drain cock is closed. In this case handles are placed in a vertical position. The rectangular passage at the ends of the glass tube contains two balls. In case the glass tube is broken, the two balls are carried along its passages to the ends of the glass tube. It is thus obvious, that water and steam will not escape out. The glass tube can be easily replaced by closing the steam and water cocks and opening the drain cock.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPressure Gauge\r\nFunction\r\n\r\nIt is used to measure the pressure of the steam inside the steam boiler. The pressure gauges generally used are of Bourdon tube type.\r\n\r\nNumber and Location: All boilers must be fitted with at least one pressure gauge and it is usually mounted at the front top of the boiler shell or drum so that attendant can easily read the pressure reading.\r\n\r\nThere are two types of pressure gauges:\r\n\r\n \tBourdon tube pressure gauge and\r\n \tDiaphragm type pressure gauge.\r\n\r\nThe common type of pressure gauge for steam boilers is Borden's pressure gauge, construction, and operation of which is described as follows:\r\n\r\nConstruction of Borden's pressure gauge\r\n\r\nIt consists of an elliptical elastic tube XYZ bent into an arc of a circle, as shown in fig.\u00a0 This bent up tube is called Bourdon\u2019s tube. One end of the gauge is fixed and connected to the steam space in the boiler. The other end is attached by links and pins to a toothed quadrant. This quadrant meshes with a small pinion on the central spindle.\r\n\r\nDiagram Of Borden Pressure gauge :\r\n\r\nBourdon pressure Gauge diagram\r\n\r\nWorking of Borden's pressure gauge\r\n\r\nThe steam under pressure flows into the tube. As a result of this increased pressure, the tube tends to straight itself. Since the tube is encased in a circular curve, therefore it tends to become circular instead of straight. With the help of simple pinion and sector arrangement, the elastic deformation of the Bourdon tube rotates the pointer. This pointer moves over a calibrated scale, which directly gives the gauge pressure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSafety Valves \r\nFunction: The function of a safety valve is to prevent excessive pressure from building up in a steam boiler. If the steam pressure in the boiler drum exceeds the working pressure, it permits the steam in the boiler to escape to the atmosphere until the safe working pressure in the boiler is reached again. The safety valve also warns the boiler attendant as the steam escape through the safety valve.\r\n\r\nPrinciple: The principle of operation of a safety valve depends on the fact that a valve is pressed against a seat through some external force. When the steam force corresponding to boiler pressure acting under the valve exceeds the external force, the valve gets lifted off its seat allowing some of the steam to escape until the working pressure is restored again.\r\n\r\nNumber and Location: As per boiler regulations, each boiler must be fitted with at least two safety valves. Safety valves are located above the steam space in the boiler.\r\n\r\nTypes: There are four types of commonly used safety valves as given below:\r\n\r\n(i) Deadweight safety valve, \r\n\r\n(ii) Spring-loaded safety valve,\r\n\r\n(iii) Lever safety valve and\r\n\r\n (iv) High steam and low water safety valve.\r\n\r\nThe choice of a safety valve for a particular boiler depends on the type of the boiler and its safe working pressure.\r\nLever Safety Valve\r\nA lever safety valve used on steam boilers is shown in fig. A lever safety valve consists of a valve body with a flange fixed to the steam boiler. The bronze valve seat is screwed to the body, and the valve is also made of bronze. The thrust on the valve is transmitted by the strut. The guide keeps the lever in a vertical plane.\r\nWhen the pressure of steam exceeds the safe limit, the upward thrust of steam raises the valve from its seat. This allows the steam to escape until the pressure falls back to its normal value. The valve then returns back to its original position.\r\n\r\nlever safety valve Diagram\r\nDead Weight Safety Valve\r\nWhen the steam pressure exceeds the normal limits, this high-pressure steam creates upward force on the valve, thus valve V lift with its weights and the excess steam escapes through the pipe to the outside.\r\n\r\ndead weight safety valve Diagram\r\nHigh Steam Low Water Safety Valve\r\nThis valve has a combined safety arrangement against\r\n\r\na) high steam pressure in the boiler and\r\n\r\nb) low water level in the boiler.\r\n\r\nIt allows the steam to escape out of the boiler when steam pressure exceeds the normal value or water lever in the boiler falls below the normal level. It consists of lever A which is hung inside the boiler shell and it is hinged at point C. One end of the lever carries a balance weight and the other end carries an earthen float immersed in water. The balance weights are kept in such a way that the knife-edge of the lever just touches the projection when the float just dips into the water. It also consists of two valves. One is the main valve V1 which rests on its seat. The edge of the central opening in the valve V1 forms the seat for the hemispherical valve V2 and the end of the valve rod carries a weight.\r\n\r\nHigh stem low ware safety valve diagram\r\n\r\nWhen the water level falls and floats are sufficiently uncovered from water, the weight of the float increases and no longer. It is balanced by the balance weights. Consequently, the float end of the lever will descend and causes a swing in the lever A. When the lever swings, the valve rod is pushed up. It also pushes up the hemispherical valve V2 and the steam leaks through the gaps provided with a loud noise. This acts as a warning to the boiler attendant. When the hemispherical valve is closed, the main valve V1 acts as an ordinary lever safety valve and it guards against the high pressure in the boiler. The valve V1 is held in position partly by the weight on the rod of valve V2 and partly by the loaded lever above the valve casing.\r\n\r\nWhen the steam pressure exceeds the limiting working pressure, the main valve V1 along with valve V2 lifts up and the steam leaks out through the discharge duct.\r\nSpring Loaded Safety Valve \r\nA Ramsbottom spring-loaded safety valve is shown in Fig.\u00a0 It is usually, fitted to locomotives. This valve consists of a cast iron body having two branch pipes. Two valves sit on corresponding valve seats at the end of the pipes. The lever is placed over the valves utilizing two pivots. The lever is held tight at its position utilizing a compression spring. One end of this spring is connected with the lever while the other end with the body of the valve.\r\nUnder normal conditions, the spring pulls the lever down. This applies downward force on valves which is greater than the upward force applied by steam. When steam pressure exceeds normal value, upward force becomes, larger than the downward force on the valve due to spring. Thus the valves are lifted from their seats, opening the passage for steam to release out. The valve closes due to spring force when the pressure in the boiler becomes normal.\r\n\r\nspring loaded safety valve diagram\r\n\r\nOperation:\r\n\r\nWhen the steam pressure in the boiler is equal to the working pressure:\r\n\r\nThe upward force exerted by boiler steam on the valve is balanced by the downward force of spring. Under this condition, the valve lies on its seat tightly and the steam will not escape from the boiler as shown in Fig. (a)\r\n\r\nWhen the steam pressure in the boiler is more than the working pressure:\r\n\r\nThe upward force exerted by boiler steam on the valve is overpowered by the downward force of spring. Under this condition, the valve automatically opens and the steam escapes to the atmosphere(Fig. (b)) until the pressure falls back to the working pressure.\r\n\r\nworking of spring-loaded safety valve\r\n\r\nUses:\r\n\r\nThese valves are suitable for both low and high-pressure boilers stationary and non-stationary boilers\r\n\r\nAdvantage:\r\n\r\n \tElimination of heavyweight.\r\n \tEasy maintenance and examination.\r\n \tNot affected by jerks and vibrations.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSteam Stop Valve or Junction Valve\r\nFunction\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tTo control the flow of steam from the boiler to the main steam pipe.\r\n \tTo shut off the steam completely when required.\r\n\r\nLocation: This valve is usually mounted over the boiler drum, in the steam pipe leading to-the steam turbine\/engine, and between the steam, pipes to stop or regulate the flow of steam.\r\n\r\nConstruction of Steam Stop Valve:\r\n\r\nThe body of the stop valve is made of cast iron or cast steel. The valve, valve seat, and the nut through which the valve spindle works, are made of brass or gunmetal. The spindle passes through a gland and stuffing box. The spindle is rotated utilizing a handwheel. The rotation of the spindle causes the valve to move up and down.\r\n\r\nDiagram of Steam Stop Valve\r\n\r\nSteam stop valve diagram\r\n\r\nWorking of Steam Stop Valve :\r\n\r\nWhen the valve sits over the valve seat, the passage of steam is completely closed. The passage may be partially or fully opened for the flow of steam by moving the valve up, rotating the handwheel.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFeed Check Valve \r\nFunction: The function of the feed valve is\r\n\r\n \tTo control the supply of feed water to the boiler from the feed pump and\r\n \tTo prevent any water escaping back from the boiler in the event of failure of the feed pump or the pump pressure less than the boiler side.\r\n\r\nLocation: It is fitted over the boiler shell slightly below the normal water level of the boiler.\r\n\r\nConstruction of Feed check valve :\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is a non-return valve, fitted to a screwed spindle to regulate the lift. This valve must have its spindle lifted before the pump is started. Pump pressure acts from below the non-return valve and boiler pressure acts from above it. Under normal working conditions, the pump delivery pressure is higher than the boiler pressure. So the valve is lifted from its seat and allows the water to flow to the boiler. The lift of the valve is controlled by moving the spindle up and down with the help of the handwheel. Thus, the flow of water can be controlled.\r\n\r\nDiagram of Feed Check Valve :\u00a0\r\n\r\nFeed check valve diagram\r\n\r\nWorking of Feed check valve :\r\n\r\nIf the boiler pressure is higher than pump pressure or the pump is stopped, the upward force on the non-return valve is higher. So it sits on its seat and closes the passage. Thus water from the boiler is not allowed to flow backward.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBlow Off Cock\r\nFunction: \r\n\r\nThe blow-off cock serves three purposes:\u2014\r\n\r\n(i) To blow out sediments, precipitated sludge, loose scale, or other impurities periodically when the boiler is in operation.\r\n\r\n(ii) To empty the boiler when necessary for cleaning, repair, and inspection.\r\n\r\n(iii) To permit a rapid lowering of water level in the boiler if accidentally it becomes too high.\r\n\r\nLocation: The blow-off cock is fitted at the lowest water space of a boiler shell.\r\n\r\nConstruction of Blow- off Valve :\r\n\r\nA common type of blow-off cock is shown in fig. A conical plug is fitted accurately into a similar casing. The plug has a rectangular opening. The plug slot is perpendicular to the flow passage.\r\n\r\nDiagram of Blow- off Valve :\r\n\r\nBlow off cock Diagram\r\n\r\nWorking of Blow-off valve :\u00a0\r\n\r\nWhen the plug slot is brought in line with the flow passage of the body by rotating the plug, the water from the boiler comes out with a great force. If sediments are to be removed, the blowoff cock is operated when the boiler is on. This forces the sediments quickly out of the boiler.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFusible Plug\r\nFunction\r\n\r\nThe main function of the fusible plug is to extinguish the fire when the water level in the boiler falls below an unsafe level.\r\n\r\nLocation: The fusible plug is generally inserted in the crown of the furnace or in the combustion chamber at the lowest permissible water level.\r\n\r\nConstruction of Fusible Plug :\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe construction of the fusible plug is shown in fig. which consists of three plugs. The hollow plug A having hexagonal flanges is screwed to the fire box crown plate. The plug B gunmetal plug is screwed to the body A. The third plug C is made up of copper is locked with metal like tin or lead which has a low melting point.\r\n\r\nDiagram of Fusible Plug\r\n\r\nFusible plug Diagram\r\n\r\nWorking of Fusible Plug :\r\n\r\nIn normal working conditions, water covers the fusible plug remains cool. In case the water level falls below the danger levels, the fusible plug gets exposed to steam. This overheats the plug and fusible metal having a low melting point melts quickly. Due to this plug S falls. The opening so made allows the steam to rush on to the furnaces and extinguishes the fire or it gives warning to the boiler attendant that the crown of furnace is in danger of being overheated.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nManhole and Handhole\r\nFunction: Manholes and hand holes are required for cleaning, inspection, and repairing of the boiler. The manhole is provided for the entrance of a man inside the boiler shell whereas the hand hole is for a hand.\r\n\r\nLocation: The manhole is provided on the boiler shell at a convenient place.\r\n\r\nConstruction: Generally they are elliptical in shape and cover is provided. The size of the manhole is usually 400 mm x 300 mm.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More about Boiler :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tTypes of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified?\r\n \tIntroduction to Boilers | Classification Of Boilers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nPower Engineering Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A","headline":"Boiler Mountings &#8211; Functions, Parts, Diagram, Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 9, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Steam-stop-valve-diagram-213x300.jpg","height":300,"width":213},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/turning-moment-diagram/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/turning-moment-diagram-for-single-cylinder-4-stroke-engine-300x193.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Turning Moment Diagram &#8211; Single, Four Cylinder, Multi-cylinder Engine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/turning-moment-diagram/">Turning Moment Diagram &#8211; Single, Four Cylinder, Multi-cylinder Engine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Turning Moment Diagram -Definition   Turning moment diagram is a graphical representation of turning moment or torque (along Y-axis) versus crank angle (X-axis) for various positions of a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/turning-moment-diagram/" aria-label="View Post: Turning Moment Diagram &#8211; Single, Four Cylinder, Multi-cylinder Engine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Turning Moment Diagram &#8211; Single, Four Cylinder, Multi-cylinder Engine","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/turning-moment-diagram\/","articleBody":"Turning Moment Diagram -Definition\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tTurning moment diagram is a graphical representation of turning moment or torque (along Y-axis) versus crank angle (X-axis) for various positions of a crank.\r\n \tIt is also called a Crack effort Diagram.\r\n \tIt is plotted on cartesian coordinates, in which the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank angle as abscissa.\u00a0\r\n\r\nSignificance of Turning Moment Diagram:-\r\n1. It shows variation of Turning moment with respect to the crank angle of an Engine.\r\n2. The variation of Torque indicates the size of Flywheel\r\n3. More variation indicates Larger Flywheel and vice-a-versa.\r\n4. Single curve variation is an indication of single-cylinder engine.\r\n5. More than one curve indicates Multi-cylinder engine.\r\n6. Area below and above of the mean torque line indicated the requirement of power or generation of power during that angle.\r\n\r\nThe above points can be well understood and explained by the Turning moment diagram and we can design the proper flywheel for the engine for reducing the speed variation of the crank during each cycle.\r\nUses of\u00a0 Turning Moment Diagram\r\n\r\n \tThe area under the TMD gives the work done per cycle.\r\n \tThe work done per cycle when divided by the crank angle per cycle gives the mean torque T m.\r\n \tThe mean torque Tm multiplied by the angular velocity of the crank gives the power consumed by the machine or developed by an engine.\r\n \tThe area of the TMD above the mean torque line represents the excess energy that may be stored by the flywheel, which helps to design the dimensions &amp; mass of the flywheel.\r\n\r\nTurning Moment Diagram For Single cylinder double acting engine\r\nA turning moment diagram for a single cylinder double acting steam engine is shown in Fig. The vertical ordinate represents the turning moment and the horizontal ordinate represents the crank angle. The turning moment on the crankshaft,\r\n\r\n turning moment diagram for single cylinder acting engine\r\n\r\nWhere\r\nFP = Piston effort,\r\nr = Radius of crank,\r\nn = Ratio of the connecting rod length and radius of the crank, and\r\n\u03b8 = Angle turned by the crank from the inner dead center.\r\n\r\nFrom the above expression, we see that the turning moment (T ) is zero when the crank angle (\u03b8) is zero. It is maximum when the crank angle is 90\u00b0 and it is again zero when the crank angle is 180\u00b0.\r\n\r\nThis is shown by the curve abc in Fig and it represents the turning moment diagram for outstroke. The curve cde is the turning moment diagram for in stroke and is somewhat similar to the curve abc. Since the work done is the product of the turning moment and the angle turned, therefore the area of the turning moment diagram represents the work done per revolution.\r\n\r\nIn actual practice, the engine is assumed to work against the mean resisting torque, as shown by a horizontal line AF. The height of the ordinate aA represents the mean height of the turning moment diagram. Since it is assumed that the work done by the turning moment per revolution is equal to the work done against the mean resisting torque, therefore the area of the rectangle aAFe is proportional to the work done against the mean resisting torque.\r\nTurning Moment Diagram for Single Cylinder 4 Stroke I.C. Engine:\r\nWe know that in a four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine, there is one working stroke after the crank has turned through two revolutions, i.e. 720\u00b0 (or 4 \u03c0 radians).\r\n\r\n turning moment diagram for single cylinder 4 stroke engine\r\n\r\n[1] Since the pressure inside the engine cylinder is less than the atmospheric pressure during the suction stroke, therefore a negative loop is formed as shown in Fig.\r\n[2] During the compression stroke, the work is done on the gases; therefore a higher negative loop is obtained.\r\n[3] During the expansion or working stroke, the fuel burns and the gases expand; therefore a large positive loop is obtained. In this stroke, the work is done by the gases.\r\n[4] During the exhaust stroke, the work is done on the gases; therefore a negative loop is formed.\r\nTurning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine\r\nA separate turning moment diagram for a compound steam engine having three cylinders and the resultant turning moment diagram is shown in Fig.\u00a0 The resultant turning moment diagram is the sum of the turning moment diagrams for the three cylinders. It may be noted that the first cylinder is the high-pressure cylinder, the second cylinder is the intermediate cylinder and the third cylinder is the low-pressure cylinder. The cranks, in the case of three cylinders, are usually placed at 120\u00b0 to each other.\r\n\r\n turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine\r\nConcept of fluctuation energy w.r.t. turning moment diagram\r\nFluctuation of speed : \r\n\r\nThe variations of energy above and below the mean speed value are called fluctuations of speed. It is abbreviated as CS\r\nFluctuation of energy : \r\nThe variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of energy. It is abbreviated as CE.\r\n\r\n turning moment diagram\r\n\r\nConsider the turning moment diagram for a single cylinder double acting steam engine as shown in Fig. on X-axis crank angle is taken We see that the mean resisting torque line AF cuts the turning moment diagram at points B, C, D, and E. The variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of energy. The areas BbC, CcD, DdE, etc. represent fluctuations of energy. More fluctuation of energy of energy indicates more variation in the speed and so, the bigger requirement of a flywheel.\r\n\r\nCoefficient of fluctuation of energy: It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle.\r\n\r\nMathematically,\r\nCoefficient of fluctuation of energy,\r\nE = Maximum fluctuation of energy\/Work done per cycle\r\n\r\nCoefficient of fluctuation of speed: The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called the maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed.\r\n\r\nMaximum fluctuation of energy:\r\n\u0394 E = Maximum energy \u2013 Minimum energy\r\n= (E + a1) \u2013 (E + a1 \u2013 a2 + a3 \u2013 a4) = a2 \u2013 a3 + a4\r\n\r\nReferecence : https:\/\/nptel.ac.in\/content\/storage2\/courses\/112101096\/download\/lecture-8.pdf\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTheory of Machine Article , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Turning Moment Diagram &#8211; Single, Four Cylinder, Multi-cylinder Engine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 6, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/turning-moment-diagram-for-single-cylinder-4-stroke-engine-300x193.jpg","height":193,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//m.gunkrazy.com/refrigerant-types/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/type-of-refrigerent-300x204.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Refrigerant &#8211; Types, Properties, Designation, Examples</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/refrigerant-types/">Refrigerant &#8211; Types, Properties, Designation, Examples</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Refrigerants :  The refrigerant is a heat-carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e comparison, condensation, evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from allow...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//m.gunkrazy.com/refrigerant-types/" aria-label="View Post: Refrigerant &#8211; Types, Properties, Designation, Examples">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Refrigerant &#8211; Types, Properties, Designation, Examples","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/refrigerant-types\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Refrigerants :\r\n\r\n \tThe refrigerant is a heat-carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e comparison, condensation, evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from allow temperature system and discards the eat so absorbed to higher temperature system.\r\n \tThe natural ice and mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. In 1834, edger ammonia, sulphur dioxide, methyl chloride, and carbon dioxide came into use as refrigerants in compression cycle refrigeration machines. Most of the early refrigerant materials have been discarded for safety reasons or for lack of chemical or thermal stability. In the present day, many new refrigerants including halo-carbon compounds, hydrocarbon compounds are used for air-conditioning and refrigeration applications.\r\n \tThe suitability of a refrigerant for a certain application is determined by its physical thermodynamic, chemical properties, and by various practical factors. There is no one refrigerant that can be used for all types of applications i.e there is no ideal refrigerant. It one refrigerant has certain good advantages, it will have some disadvantages also. Hence, a refrigerant is chosen which has greater advantages and fewer disadvantages.\r\n\r\nRefrigerant Definition :\r\nRefrigerant is chemical used in a cooling mechanism, such as an air conditioner or refrigerator, as the heat carrier which changes from gas to liquid and then back to gas in the refrigeration cycle.\r\nFunctions of Refrigerants:\r\n(1) The main function of the refrigerant is to absorb the heat from the indoor air, it transitions from a low-pressure gas to high-pressure liquid and transfer it to the atmosphere.\r\nDesirable properties of an Ideal Refrigerant :\r\nA refrigerant is said to be ideal if it has all of the following properties:\r\n\r\n1. Low boiling and freezing point,\r\n2. High critical pressure and temperature,\r\n3. High latent heat of vaporization,\r\n4. Low specific heat of the liquid, and high specific heat of vapor,\r\n5. Low specific volume of vapor,\r\n6. High thermal conductivity,\r\n7. Non-corrosive to metal,\r\n8. Non-flammable and non-explosive,\r\n9. Non-toxic\r\n10. Low cost,\r\n11. Easily and regularly available,\r\n12. Easy to liquefy at moderate pressure and temperature,\r\n13. Easy to locating leaks by our or suitable indicator,\r\n14. Mixes well with oil,\r\n15. High coefficient of performance, end\r\n16. Ozone friendly.\r\nProperties of refrigerant:\r\n1) Thermodynamic Properties:-\r\n\r\n(a) Boiling Temperature: The boiling temperature of the refrigerant should be low to reduce the capacity of the compressor.\r\n\r\n(b) Freezing Temperature: The freezing temperature should be below the evaporative temperature to prevent the refrigerant from freezing during operation.\r\n\r\n(c) Evaporator and Condenser pressure: Both Evaporator and Condenser pressure should be above slightly above the atmospheric level. Positive pressure required to prevent leakage of air and moisture into the refrigerant system.\r\n\r\n(d) Compression ratio: It should be as small as possible.\r\ne) It should have a high latent heat of vaporization.\r\nf) It should be above the condensing temperature &amp; pressure.\r\n\r\n2) Chemical Properties:-\r\n\r\na) It should not be Poisonous or injurious. It should not be non-irritating to eyes.\r\nb) It should not be corrosive &amp; should not have any effect on materials used in equipment.\r\nc) It should have fewer tendencies to leak &amp; if it is leaking it should be easily detectable.\r\nd) It should not be Inflammable.\r\n\r\n3) Other Properties:-\r\n\r\na) It should be easy &amp; safe to handle.\r\nb) It should be readily available at a low cost.\r\nc) It should have a high COP &amp; low power requirements.\r\n\r\n4) Physical properties:\r\n\r\n1. It should have low viscosity.\r\n2. It should have high thermal conductivity.\r\nClassification of refrigerant:\r\nFluids suitable for refrigeration purposes can be classified into primary and secondary refrigerants. Primary refrigerants are those fluids, which are used directly as working fluids, for example in vapor compression and vapor absorption refrigeration systems. \r\n\r\n1) Primary Refrigerant\r\n\r\n2) Secondary Refrigerant\r\n\r\nPrimary Refrigerant:-\r\n\r\nThe refrigerant which takes part in the refrigeration cycle is known as the primary refrigerant. The refrigerants which directly take part in the refrigeration system are called primary refrigerant. Primary refrigerants are used in domestic refrigerator and Air conditioning system etc. Primary refrigerants are R-11, R-12, R-21, R-143a, etc.\r\n\r\nThey are classified as\r\n\r\ni) Halocarbon compounds\r\ne.g R -11 \u2013 Trichloromonofluromethane\r\nR - 12\r\nR \u2013 13\r\nR -21 etc.\r\n\r\nii) Azeotropes:- Mixture of different refrigerant\r\n\r\niii) Hydrocarbons:- Methane, Ethane, Propane, etc.\r\n\r\niv)Inorganic compounds:- Ammonia, carbon-di-oxide, Sulfur dioxide, Air, etc.\r\n\r\nv) Unsaturated organic compounds:- Refrigerant with ethylene and propylene base.\r\n\r\ntype of refrigerant\r\n\r\nSecondary Refrigerant\r\n\r\n1. The refrigerants which are first cooled by primary refrigerant and then used for cooling purpose are called as secondary refrigerant.\r\n2. Secondary refrigerants allow the amounts of environmentally harmful primary refrigerants to be minimized and contained in a restricted area.\r\n3. Examples of secondary refrigerants include water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, which are more environmentally benign than traditional refrigerants such as HCFCs. They are safer and generally suitable for refrigeration systems.\r\n4. Brines are often chosen as secondary refrigerants for large refrigeration systems, such as those supplying supermarkets, the most common brine being water-glycol solutions, water-ethanol solutions, and acetate solutions.\r\n5. It is used in ice plant and in big installation.\r\n6. Secondary refrigerants are water, brine, glycol, etc.\r\n\r\n1. Water: Used in Air conditioning systems for cooling, Dehumidification, etc.\r\n2. Brine: Used in Ice plants to maintain temperatures lower than atmospheric temperatures.\r\nDesignation System For Refrigerants :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe refrigerants are internationally designated as \u2018R\u2019 followed by certain numbers such as R-11, R-12, R-114, etc. A refrigerant followed by a two-digit number indicates that a refrigerant is derived from methane base while a three-digit number represents ethane bases.\r\n \tThe numbers assigned to hydro-carbon and halo- and refrigerants have a special meaning. The first digest on the rightist the number of fluorine (F) atoms in the refrigerant. The second digit from the right is one more than the number of hydrogen (H) atoms present. The third digit from the right is one less than the number of carbon (C) atoms, but when this digit is zero, it is omitted.\r\n \tThe general chemical formula for the refrigerant, either for methane or ethane base, is given as CmHnClpFq in which n + p + q = 2m + 2\r\n\r\nWhere m = number of carbon atoms,\r\nn = number of hydrogen atoms,\r\np = Number of chlorine atoms, and\r\nq = number of fluorine atoms.\r\n\r\nAs discussed above, the number of the refrigerants is given by R9m -1) (n + 1) (q). Let us consider the following refrigerants to find its chemical formula and the number.\r\n\r\n1. Dichloro-difluoro-methane\r\n\r\nWe see that in this refrigerant\r\nNumber of chlorine atoms, p = 2\r\nNumber of fluorine atoms q = 2\r\nAnd the number of hydrogen atoms, n= 0\r\nWe know that n + p + q = 2m +2\r\n0 + 2 + 2 = 2m +2 or m = 1\r\ni.e Number of carbon atoms = 1\r\n\r\nThus the chemical formula for discolor- difluoro-methane becomes CCl2F2 and the number of refrigerants becomes R (1-1) (0 +1)(2) or R-012 i.e R-12.\r\n\r\n2. Dichloro-tetrafluoro-ethane\r\n\r\nWe see that in this refrigerant\r\nNumber of chlorine atoms, p = 2\r\nNumber of fluorine atoms, q = 4\r\nAnd number of hydrogen atoms, n = 0\r\nWe know that n + p + q = 2m +2\r\n0 + 2 + 4 = 2m + 2 or m=2\r\ni.e Number of carbon atoms = 2\r\n\r\nThus the chemical formula for Dichloro-tetrafluoro-ethane becomes C2Cl2F4 and the numbers of Refrigerant becomes R(2-1) (0+1) (4) or R-114.\r\nRefrigerants Example - Applications Of Refrigerants\u00a0\r\ni) Air Conditioner \u2013 R-22, R-114\r\nii) Domestic Refrigerator \u2013 R-12, R-143a\r\niii) Ice Plant \u2013 In primary circuit Ammonia and secondary circuit Brine solution.\r\niv) Water cooler \u2013 R-12, R-143a\r\n\r\nThe refrigerant used in car air conditioning:\r\n\r\n1) Dichloro difluro-methane or Freon -12 (R-12)\r\n2) Tetra fluro- ethane or R-134a or HFC-134a\r\n3) R-134a\r\n4) R-22\r\n5) R-410A\r\n6) R-32\r\nRefrigerants commonly used in practice-\r\n1) NH3 (Ammonia)\r\n\r\nProperties - Highly toxic, flammable, good thermal properties, highest refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant.\r\n\r\nUses - It is widely used in large industrial and commercial refrigeration systems. It is mostly used with the Vapour absorption refrigeration cycle like ice plants, cold storage, packing plants, etc.\r\n\r\n2) CO2 (Carbon dioxide)\r\n\r\nProperties - Colorless, non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-corrosive gas. It gives a low refrigeration effect.\r\n\r\nUses - It is used in the marine refrigeration system.\r\n\r\n3) Air\r\n\r\nProperties - Easily available without cost, non-toxic, completely safe refrigerant, low COP.\r\n\r\nUses - It is used in an aircraft air-conditioning system.\r\n\r\n4) R-11 (Trichloro mono fluoro methane) or Freon-11\r\n\r\nProperties - Non-toxic, Non-flammable, and Non-corrosive.\r\n\r\nUses - It is used in Small office buildings and factories for refrigeration.\r\n\r\n5) R-12 (Dichlaro - difluro methane) or Freon -12\r\n\r\nProperties - Non -toxic, Non-flammable, Non-explosive, high COP, and most suitable refrigerant.\r\nUses - It is used in domestic vapor compression refrigeration.\r\n\r\n6) R-22 (Monochloro - difluro methane) or Freon -22\r\n\r\nProperties - Non-toxic, Non-flammable, Non-explosive Required less compressor displacement.\r\nUses - It is used in commercial and industrial low-temperature applications (in air conditioning). \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages of R134a refrigerant over R-12.\r\n\r\n- Refrigerant R134a is a hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) that has zero potential to cause the depletion of the ozone layer and very little greenhouse effect.\r\n- R134a is the nonflammable and non-explosive, has toxicity within limits and good chemical stability.\r\n- It has a somewhat high affinity for moisture.\r\n- The overall physical and thermodynamic properties of refrigerant R134a closely resemble with that of refrigerant R12.\r\n- Due to all the above factors, R134a is considered to be an excellent replacement for R12 refrigerant.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nConcept of Ozone Depletion Potential(ODP)\r\n\r\n \tContinuous Destruction of protective Ozone gas layer around the earth\u2019s atmosphere by chemical reaction of CFC refrigerants that are leaked from innumerable refrigeration systems on earth\u2019s surface is known as \u201cOzone Layer Depletion\u201d.\r\n \tIn the Stratosphere layer there is more concentration of Ozone gas. This ozone layer forms a protective layer around the earth\u2019s surface which absorbs the Harmful Ultraviolet rays (UV) from Sun\u2019s rays and allows only beneficial light and heat rays to reach on earth\u2019s surface.\r\n \tPrevention of UV rays reaching to earth\u2019s surface protects human and the Depletion of the Ozone layer leads to the formation of \u201cOzone Holes\u201d in the Ozone layer and through these ozone holes Harmful Ultra Violet rays enter into the atmosphere endangering the earth\u2019s biolife.\r\n \tOzone depletion potentials (ODPs) were a very important measure in the formulation of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments. ODP values are used to provide a simple way to compare the relative ability of various ODS to destroy stratospheric ozone. ODP is defined as \u201cthe integrated change in total ozone per unit mass emission of a specific ozone-depleting substance relative to the integrated change in total ozone per.\r\n \tHarmful effects of UV rays on people: Skin cancer, Premature aging of the skin Cataracts and eye disorders, Immune system damage.\r\n\r\nConcept of the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion\r\n\r\n \tContinuous Destruction of protective Ozone gas layer around the earth\u2019s atmosphere by chemical reaction of CFC refrigerants which are leaked from innumerable refrigeration systems on earth\u2019s surface is known as \u201cOzone Layer Depletion\u201d.\r\n \tIn the outer atmosphere of earth up to 50 Km, there is a layer called Stratosphere. In this layer there is more concentration of Ozone gas. This ozone layer forms a protective layer around the earth\u2019s surface which absorbs the Harmful Ultraviolet rays (UV) from Sun\u2019s rays and allows only beneficial light and heat rays to reach on earth\u2019s surface. \r\n \tPrevention of UV rays reaching to earth\u2019s surface protects human and Depletion of Ozone layer leads to the formation of \u201cOzone Holes\u201d in the Ozone layer and through these ozone holes Harmful Ultra Violet rays enter into the atmosphere\r\nendangering the earth\u2019s biolife.\r\n \tDue to \u201cOzone Layer Depletion\u201d the atmosphere allows a large percentage of the rays of visible light from the sun to reach the earth surface and heat it. Out of the incident radiation some infrared radiation is trapped by the earth's atmosphere due to molecules of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere and causes the earth\u2019s surface and lower atmospheric layer to warm to high temperature. This is called as global warming.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReference : https:\/\/nptel.ac.in\/courses\/112105129\/\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Refrigerant &#8211; Types, Properties, Designation, Examples","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-05-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 8, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/type-of-refrigerent-300x204.jpg","height":204,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/m.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=9">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=8"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>8</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=9"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>9</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>10</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=11"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>11</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=12"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>12</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=11">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//m.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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